The 6th/7th c. recension of the Latin Martyrologium Hieronymianum, as transmitted in 8th c. manuscripts, records the feasts of a number of saints on 16 January.
Evidence ID
E04611
Type of Evidence
Liturgical texts - Calendars and martyrologies
Major author/Major anonymous work
Martyrologium Hieronymianum
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum is preserved in a number of early manuscripts which share much in common, but also diverge, making it impossible to reconstruct from them a single authoritative text. Below, we therefore offer separate English translations of each important early manuscript. By clicking 'Latin Text' (above), you can view these different versions in their original Latin, set side-by-side for ease of comparison, with also the editions and interpretations of the text suggested by the scholars Quentin and Delehaye. For a full discussion of the Martyrologium, click 'Discussion/Bibliography.'
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum commemorates on 16 January the following feasts:
The burial of *Marcellus, bishop and martyr of Rome, (S00529),
Perhaps *Martha and Audifax, mother and son from Persia, martyrs of the via Cornelia near Rome, (S01163),
The burial of *Lando, bishop of Reims, ob. 673, (S02236),
Perhaps *Fabianus, bishop and martyr of Rome, (S00147),
The burial of *Honoratus, founder of Lérins and bishop of Arles, ob. 429/30, (S00438),
*Other saints, on 16 January in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum: in Africa (S02237).
BnF 10837:
'On the seventeenth day before the Kalends [of February], in Rome, on the via Salaria, in the cemetery of Prescella, the burial of bishop Marcellus. And on the via Appia, in the cemetery of Calestus, the passion of Ananus, Marus.
On the via Cornelia, in a cemetery at the ninth milestone, [the feast of] thirteen others whose names God knows.
In Africa, [the feast of] Saturninus, Faustinus, Naffavianus, and 7 others.
In Arles, the burial of bishop Honoratus.'
Weissenburg 81:
'In Rome, on the via Salutaria, on the seventeenth day before the Kalends of February, in the cemetery of Prescella, the burial of Marcellus, bishop and confessor. And on the via Appia, in the cemetery of Calestus, the passion of Martha, martyr Audeinus.
At [the abbey of] Fontenelle, the burial of Lando, bishop and confessor.
On the via Cornua, in a cemetery, [the feast of] 9 soldiers and of 13 other martyrs, whose names are written in the Book of Life.
In Africa, [the feast of] Saturninus, Faustinus, Fravianus, and 6 others.
In Arles, the burial of bishop Honoratus.'
Bern 289 adds the title 'papa' (pope) to Marcellus, commemorated in Rome, and renders the via Cornelia as 'via Corniva', but otherwise offers a text that is very close to that of Weissenburg 81 (less the Fontenelle entry).
Quentin follows the early manuscripts. Delehaye suggests some substantial emendations.
Translation and comments: M. Vukovic.
FestivalsBurial site of a saint - cemetery/catacomb
Relics
Saint’s feast
Cult PlacesBurial site of a saint - cemetery/catacomb
Burial site of a saint - unspecified
Cult building - independent (church)
RelicsBodily relic - entire body
Source
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum ('Martyrology of Jerome'), is the oldest extensive martyrology of the Latin West, listing the feast days of the saints for the entire calendar year, generally also specifying where their feasts are held (which is normally their place of burial). It derives its name from prefatory letters copied at the start of the martyrology, which attribute the text to the Church Father, Jerome of Stridon (ob. 420). These letters are present in all the earliest manuscripts, but it is uncertain when they were first attached to the text. The Hieronymianum is the primary source of all later martyrologies of the Latin world.It is universally accepted that the attribution to Jerome, intended to give the text greater authority, is false, and the predominant scholarly view is that the first version of the martyrology was compiled in northern Italy during the 5th century (probably in Aquileia), though no manuscript of this Aquileian redaction has survived. The text was then evidently revised and added to in Gaul, probably in Burgundy, around AD 600. The north Italian origin of the text, and its Gallic revision, are deduced from the presence in the martyrology of saints from northern Italy, and then of saints from Frankish Gaul. This Gallic version (sometimes referred to as the recensio gallica), just like its north Italian predecessor, does not survive in its original form in any manuscript (Lifshitz 2006, 14).
At some point in the 7th century, and no later than the early 8th, the Martyrologium reached Northumbria (in northern Britain), where it underwent some further revision and additions (Lapidge 2005, 45-46). From Northumbria, the text returned to the continent in the 8th century, and it is here that the earliest surviving manuscript copies were made, as listed below (Lapidge 2005, 73).
Some of the sources that were used by the compilers of the Martyrologium in northern Italy, and subsequently in Gaul, can be identified: the so-called Chronography of 354, a mid-4th-century list from Rome of saintly commemorations, primarily of local martyrs (E010151 and E01052); a lost Greek martyrology compiled at Nicomedia around 360 (drawn basically from Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History and Martyrs of Palestine), which was also a prime source for the Syriac Martyrology of 411 (E00465); the African Calendar of Carthage of 505/535 (E02195 - E02205); and early local calendars from Aquileia and Auxerre (Lifshitz 2006, 20).
The four earliest manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (three of them complete, one a fragment), on which all editions, including our own, are based, are all from eastern Francia and were copied in the eighth and early ninth centuries. They are as follows:
Ms Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), lat. 10837
Written in the abbey of Echternach (in present-day Luxembourg) by a single scribe, Laurentius, between 703 and 710 (Lifshitz 2006, 32). The Catalogue of the BnF, which publishes BnF lat. 10837 on-line, also provides brief information about the dating: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6001113z/f22.image (click Information). The text of the Hieronymianum is at fol. 2r-32v.
Ms Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Weissenburg 81
From the abbey of Weissenburg in Alsace. Dated to around 800 by the Wolfenbüttel on-line catalogue: http://diglib.hab.de/?db=mss&list=ms&id=81-weiss&lang=en. Lifshitz argues that the manuscript dates from around 772, and was written in the Carolingian royal sphere, in or around Maastrict (Lifshitz 2006, 4). The text of the Hieronymianum is at fol. 7r-103r.
Ms Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Bongars 289
From the abbey of Saint-Avold, near Metz. De Rossi and Duchesne, in the introduction to their edition, argue that Bern 289 must have been written after 766. The text of the Hieronymianum is at fol. 53v-129v. This manuscript is not yet available on line, but we have been able to check it through a microfilm.
Ms Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 238
From the abbey of Lorsch, near Worms. The manuscript contains only a fragment (five pages) of the Hieronymianum, covering 25 December to 3 January, and 27 January to 31 January, written in Lorsch in the first half of the 9th century: http://bibliotheca-laureshamensis-digital.de/bav/bav_pal_lat_238). The fragment is at fol. 74-75, 1-2.
The standard edition of 1894, by G. B. de Rossi and L. Duchesne, published these four manuscripts in parallel columns. In 1931, H. Quentin produced a new edition, with a commentary by H. Delehaye, which attempted to collate the different manuscript readings into a single text.
Even though all the early manuscripts are believed to descend from the same redaction, they are by no means identical. In particular, BnF lat. 10837, the earliest of all, often contains a text which differs markedly from Bern 289 and Weissenburg 81, which are much closer to each other. Because the text varies between manuscripts, in content as well as spelling, it is now universally agreed that it will never be possible to create an 'authoritative' single text of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum. De Rossi and Duchesne in 1894, facing the same problem, decided to print for each day of the year the text of all four early manuscripts, in four columns, and we have followed their lead. Our edition is essentially based on their edition, though we have checked their readings against the manuscripts, and corrected or removed some letters, words, diacritical marks, and comments introduced by the editors that do not exist in the manuscripts. We have then added three more columns: for Quentin’s text for the feast day, which sometimes comes in one version, sometimes in two, and for Delehaye’s reconstruction of much of the text, drawn from his Commentary. Delehaye's erudition was, and remains, unmatched, and we have leaned heavily on his commentary (which is in Latin), but it should be noted that his reconstructed text often departs markedly from the manuscripts. Using his extraordinary knowledge of the saints and their hagiography, he felt able to combine different parts of the Hieronymianum's text, and to correct garbled versions of names, to produce a more coherent 'original'. We consider each of his principal suggestions in our Discussion (below), and attempt a judgment as to how plausible they are. In Delehaye's extensive notes there are also other, more tentative, suggestions, which we have not discussed systematically.
The reason the Martyrologium Hieronymianum is such a difficult text is because it consists primarily of long lists of names (with no punctuation and no consistency in the use of capital letters), which were often unfamiliar to copyists and so easily garbled. Generally, we cannot get behind these garbled variants, but occasionally we can, allowing us to shed light on how the text evolved into its current, often confused, state. For instance, an entry for 9 March (E04711) probably originally read something like 'In Armenia minore Sebastia milit(um) XL', 'In Lesser Armenia, at Sebasteia, [the feast of] the Forty Soldiers' - in other words a commemoration of the 'Forty Martyrs of Sebaste' (S00103), prominent saints in the East, but less well-known in the Latin West. In one of our manuscripts (Weissenburg 81) this has become 'In arminia minore sabastiani et milia XL', 'In Lesser Armenia, [the feast of] Sebastianus and the forty-thousand'; somewhere in the process of transmission, the city of Sebasteia has become the martyr Sebastianus, and the 'soldiers' (militum) have become 'thousands' (milia).
Discussion
All the early manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum open their entries for 16 January with commemoration in Rome of the burial of *Marcellus (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00529) in the cemetery of Priscilla on the via Salaria nova (other texts, as Delehaye points out, date this a day later, but all agree on the location).All three manuscripts then mention the martyrdom on the via Appia, in the cemetery of Callixtus, of two saints: Ananus/Audeinus and Marus/Martha. These are not readily identifiable. Delehaye argues that they are *Marius, Martha and Audifax (father, mother and son, from Persia, martyrs of the via Cornelia near Rome, S01163), and that their placing on the via Appia is an error that has crept into the manuscript tradition. He argues that they belong with the next substantive entry, for saints on the via Cornelia (an entry that in Weissenburg 81 and Bern 289, has become somewhat confused - with mil(iario) 'milestone' evidently being mistaken to mean mil(itum) 'soldiers'). Delehaye's argument is very ingenious (and too complex to summarise), but impossible to prove, and we should note that the names Ananus/Audeinus and Audifax are not very close. Marius, Martha, Audifax and a second son, Abacuc, all feature more reliably in the Hieronymianum on 20 January (E04616).
Weissenburg 81 alone, between the martyrdom on the via Appia and the burials on the via Cornelia, interpolates the burial of *Lando, (bishop of Reims, ob. 673, S02236) at Fontenelle Abbey (the Abbey of St Wandrille) in northern France.
All three manuscripts then note commemoration in Africa of the following saints: Saturninus, Faustinus, Naffavianus/Fraulanus/Fravianus, and a further seven or six unnamed martyrs. None of these can be reliably identified, though Delehaye suggests that 'Naffavianus' is a garbled version on 'i]n Af[rica] Favianus' and commemorates *Fabianus, (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00147), who who should be associated with the mention of the via Appia above.
Finally, all three early manuscripts of the Hieronymianum commemorate the burial in Arles (southern Gaul) of *Honoratus, (founder of Lérins and bishop of Arles, ob. 429/30, S00438).
All unidentified saints are listed by us among *Other saints, on 16 January in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum: in Africa (S02237).
Bibliography
Editions:De Rossi, G. B., and Duchesne, L., Martyrologium Hieronymianum ad finem codicum adiectis prolegomenis. Acta Sanctorum Nov.II.1 (Brussels, 1894).
Quentin, H. and Delehaye, H., Acta Sanctorum Nov.II.2 (Brussels, 1931).
On the Martyrologium Hieronymianum:
Duchesne, L., "A propos du martyrologe hiéronymien," Analecta Bollandiana 17 (1898), 421-447.
Lapidge, M., The Roman Martyrs. Introduction, Translations, and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
Lapidge, M., "Acca of Hexham and the Origin of the Old English Martyrology," Analecta Bollandiana 123 (2005), 29-78.
Lifshitz, F., The Name of the Saint. The Martyrology of Jerome and Access to the Sacred in Francia, 627-827 (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006).
Ó Riain, P., "A Northumbrian Phase in the Formation of the Hieronymian Martyrology. The Evidence of the Martyrology of Tallaght," Analecta Bollandiana 120 (2002), 311-363.
On the manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum:
Butzmann, H., Die Weissenburger Handschriften (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1964), 242-243.
Muller, J. C., "Trois manuscrits liturgiques de l'abbaye d'Echternach à Paris," in Abteistadt Echternach, éd. P. Schritz, A. Hoffmann (Luxembourg, 1981), 202-206.
Ó Cróinín, D., "Rath Melsigi, Willibrord, and the Earliest Echternach Manuscripts," Peritia 3 (1984), 17-49.
Libaert, P., "Notice sur 43 manuscrits d'Echternach conservés à la bibliothèque nationale de Paris," Hémecht 1 (1985), 53-73.
McKitterick, R., Books, Scribes and Learning in the Frankish Kingdoms, Sixth-Ninth Centuries (Aldershot: Variorum, 1994).
On saints and calendars:
Farmer, D. H., Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Nilles, N., Kalendarium Manuale utriusque Ecclesiae Orientalis et Occidentalis I-II (Farnborough: Gregg International Publishers Ltd, 1971).
Watkins, B., The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015).
Datum Table
| BnF 10837 | Bern 289 | Weissenburg 81 | BAV 238 | Other Mss | Quentin | Quentin | Delehaye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XVII kł rom̃ via salar̃ in cym̃ priscellae depos̃ sc̃i marcelli ep̃i et via appia in cym̃ calesti pas̃ sc̃i anani mari | XUII. KL. FEBRS. Rom̄ uia salaria In cimiterio. prȩscelle depos̃ sc̃i Marcelli papae. et conf̃. et uia appia. In cimit̃ calisti. passio sc̃ae marthe. audeini martyr̃. | Romȩ via salutaria XVII KL. FEB. In cymitirio prescelle dep̃ sc̃i marcelli ep̃i et confessoris. et via appia. In cimitirio calesti passio. sc̃ȩ marthȩ audȩini mar̃. | Romae via Salaria in cymiterio Priscellae depositio sancti Marcelli episcopi. et via Appia in cymiterio Calesti passio sancti Anani Mari via Cornelia VIIII mil. in cymiterio aliorum XIII quorum nomina Deus scit. | Romae via Salutaria in cimiterio Prescellae depositio sancti Marcelli episcopi et confessoris et via Appia in cimiterio Calisti passio sanctae Marthae Audeini martyris. | Romae via Salaria in cimiterio Priscillae depositio sancti Marcelli episcopi et confessoris. 〈item Romae〉 via Appia in cimiterio Callisti, Faviani. 〈item Romae〉 via Cornelia miliario XIII in cimiterio 〈eorum〉 passio sanctorum Marii, Marthae, Audifacis 〈et Abacuc. | ||
| --------------- | ---------------- | In fontanella depositio landoni ep̃i. et conf̃. | --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | ||
| via cornelia VIIII mił in cym̃ aliorum XIII quorum nom̃ ds̃ scit | Uia corniua. In cimit̃. militum nouem et aliorum. numero. tredecim quorum Nomina. in libro uitae tenentur scripti ∵ | Uia cornua in cymitirio mił VIIII. et aliorum numero XIII. quorum no mina tenentur in libro vitȩ scriptae. | --------------- | via Corniva in cimiterio mil. VIIII et aliorum tredecim quorum nomina in libro vitae tenentur scripta. | ---------------- | ||
| in af̃f saturnini faustini naffaviani et alior̃ VII. | In africa. saturnini faustini. frauiani et aliorũ sex. | In affrica saturnini faustini frauiani et aliorum. VI. | In Africa Saturnini Faustini Naffaviani et aliorum VII. | In Africa Saturnini Faustini Naffaviani et aliorum VII. | --------------- | ||
| arilat̃ depos̃ sc̃i honorati ep̃i | Arelato depositio sc̃i honorati ep̃i | Arelato depositio sc̃i honorati ep̃i. | Arelato depositio sancti Honorati episcopi | Arelato depositio sancti Honorati episcopi | Arelato depositio sancti Honorati episcopi. |
Record Created By
Marijana Vukovic
Date of Entry
08/11/2020
| ID | Name | Name in Source | Identity | S00147 | Fabianus, bishop and martyr of Rome | Naffavianus/Fravianus | Uncertain | S00438 | Honoratus, founder of Lérins and bishop of Arles, ob. 429/30 | Honoratus | Certain | S00529 | Marcellus, bishop and martyr of Rome | Marcellus | Certain | S01163 | Marius, Martha, Audifax and Abacuc, husband, wife and two sons from Persia, martyrs of the via Cornelia near Rome | Ananus/Audeinus; Marus/Martha | Uncertain | S02236 | Lando, bishop of Reims, 657-673 | Lando | Certain | S02237 | Other saints, on 16 January in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum: in Africa | Saturninus; Faustinus | Certain |
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