The 6th/7th c. recension of the Latin Martyrologium Hieronymianum, as transmitted in 8th c. manuscripts, records the feasts of a number of saints on 30 October.
Evidence ID
E05003
Type of Evidence
Liturgical texts - Calendars and martyrologies
Major author/Major anonymous work
Martyrologium Hieronymianum
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum is preserved in a number of early manuscripts which share much in common, but also diverge, making it impossible to reconstruct from them a single authoritative text. Below, we therefore offer separate English translations of each important early manuscript. By clicking 'Latin Text' (above), you can view these different versions in their original Latin, set side-by-side for ease of comparison, with also the editions and interpretations of the text suggested by the scholars Quentin and Delehaye. For a full discussion of the Martyrologium, click 'Discussion/Bibliography.'
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum commemorates on 30 October the following feasts:
*Kalendion, martyr in Nicomedia, (S01104),
Possibly *Germanos and Theophilos, martyrs of Kaisareia/Caesarea of Cappadocia, and companions of Kyrillos, (S01105),
Possibly *Markianos, martyr in Antioch, and companion of Silvanos, S01102),
Possibly *Marcian, martyr of Nicomedia during Decius, and companion of Lucian, (S01981),
*Maximus, martyr of Conza (South Italy), 4th cent., (S02200),
*Felicianus, martyr of Lucania, (S02192),
*Nazarius and Celsus, companion martyrs of Milan, (S00281),
*Gervasius and Protasius, martyrs of Milan (S00313),
The translation of relics of *Saturninus, bishop and martyr of Toulouse (S00289),
The burial of Hugobertus, monk and bishop of Liège (Belgium), ob. 727,
*Other saints, on 30 October in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum: in Nicomedia, Antioch, Comza (Italy), Africa (S02202).
BnF 10837:
'On the third day before the Kalends of November, in Nicomedia, the feast of Ianuarus, Calendinus, Marcianus, Germanus, Marcus, Theofilus.
And in Conza (south Italy), Maximus, Eusebus.
And in Africa, the passion of 220 martyrs, also, [the feast of] Felix, Quintus, Lucia, Lucianus, Victor, Vitalis, Donatus, Petrus, Marus, Ianuarus, Firma, Hermes, Urbanus, Atticus, and Felicianus, with his companions.
In Antioch, [the feast of] Ianuarus, Marcianus, Nazarus, Gerbasus, Protasus, and child Celsus.
In Toulouse, the translation of bishop and martyr Saturninus.'
Bern 289:
'On the third day before the Kalends of November, in Nicomedia, [the feast of] Ianuarius, Calendio, Marcianus, Maximus, Germanus, Marcus, Tiofilus, Eusebius.
And in Africa, 230 martyrs suffered death; also, [the feast of] Felix, Quintus, Lucas, Lucianus, Victor, Vitalis, Donatus, Petrus, Marus, Ianuarius, Firma, Hermes, Orbanus, Atticus. And the death of Felicianus, with his companions.
In Antioch, [the feast of] Ianuarius, Marcianus, Nazarus, Geruasus, Protasus, and child Celsus.
In the city of Toulouse, the translation of the body of Saturninus, bishop and martyr.
And in Gaul, the village of Liège, the burial of bishop and confessor Hugobertus.'
Weissenburg 81:
'On the third day before the Kalends of November, in Nicomedia, [the feast of] Ianuarius, Calendio, Marcialis, Germanus, Marcus, Tiofilus, Eusebus.
And in Africa, 220 martyrs suffered martyrdom; [the feast of] Felix, Quintus, Lucas, Lucianus, Victor, Vitalis, Donatus, Petrus, Marus, Ianuarius, Firma, Hermes, Urbanus, Atticus, and the death of Felicianus with his companions.
In Antioch, [the feast of] Ianuarus, Marcianus, Nazarus, Geruasus, Protasus, and child Celsus.
In the city of Toulouse, the translation of the body of bishop and martyr Saturninus.'
Quentin follows all the early manuscripts.
Delehaye records a few commemorations from the manuscripts.
Translation and comments: M. Vukovic.
FestivalsSaint’s feast
Cult PlacesTransfer, translation and deposition of relics
Saint’s feast
Anniversary of relic invention/translation
Cult PlacesBurial site of a saint - unspecified
RelicsTransfer, translation and deposition of relics
Bodily relic - entire body
Source
The Martyrologium Hieronymianum ('Martyrology of Jerome'), is the oldest extensive martyrology of the Latin West, listing the feast days of the saints for the entire calendar year, generally also specifying where their feasts are held (which is normally their place of burial). It derives its name from prefatory letters copied at the start of the martyrology, which attribute the text to the Church Father, Jerome of Stridon (ob. 420). These letters are present in all the earliest manuscripts, but it is uncertain when they were first attached to the text. The Hieronymianum is the primary source of all later martyrologies of the Latin world.It is universally accepted that the attribution to Jerome, intended to give the text greater authority, is false, and the predominant scholarly view is that the first version of the martyrology was compiled in northern Italy during the 5th century (probably in Aquileia), though no manuscript of this Aquileian redaction has survived. The text was then evidently revised and added to in Gaul, probably in Burgundy, around AD 600. The north Italian origin of the text, and its Gallic revision, are deduced from the presence in the martyrology of saints from northern Italy, and then of saints from Frankish Gaul. This Gallic version (sometimes referred to as the recensio gallica), just like its north Italian predecessor, does not survive in its original form in any manuscript (Lifshitz 2006, 14).
At some point in the 7th century, and no later than the early 8th, the Martyrologium reached Northumbria (in northern Britain), where it underwent some further revision and additions (Lapidge 2005, 45-46). From Northumbria, the text returned to the continent in the 8th century, and it is here that the earliest surviving manuscript copies were made, as listed below (Lapidge 2005, 73).
Some of the sources that were used by the compilers of the Martyrologium in northern Italy, and subsequently in Gaul, can be identified: the so-called Chronography of 354, a mid-4th-century list from Rome of saintly commemorations, primarily of local martyrs (E010151 and E01052); a lost Greek martyrology compiled at Nicomedia around 360 (drawn basically from Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History and Martyrs of Palestine), which was also a prime source for the Syriac Martyrology of 411 (E00465); the African Calendar of Carthage of 505/535 (E02195 - E02205); and early local calendars from Aquileia and Auxerre (Lifshitz 2006, 20).
The four earliest manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (three of them complete, one a fragment), on which all editions, including our own, are based, are all from eastern Francia and were copied in the eighth and early ninth centuries. They are as follows:
Ms Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), lat. 10837
Written in the abbey of Echternach (in present-day Luxembourg) by a single scribe, Laurentius, between 703 and 710 (Lifshitz 2006, 32). The Catalogue of the BnF, which publishes BnF lat. 10837 on-line, also provides brief information about the dating: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6001113z/f22.image (click Information). The text of the Hieronymianum is at fol. 2r-32v.
Ms Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Weissenburg 81
From the abbey of Weissenburg in Alsace. Dated to around 800 by the Wolfenbüttel on-line catalogue: http://diglib.hab.de/?db=mss&list=ms&id=81-weiss&lang=en. Lifshitz argues that the manuscript dates from around 772, and was written in the Carolingian royal sphere, in or around Maastrict (Lifshitz 2006, 4). The text of the Hieronymianum is at fol. 7r-103r.
Ms Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Bongars 289
From the abbey of Saint-Avold, near Metz. De Rossi and Duchesne, in the introduction to their edition, argue that Bern 289 must have been written after 766. The text of the Hieronymianum is at fol. 53v-129v. This manuscript is not yet available on line, but we have been able to check it through a microfilm.
Ms Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 238
From the abbey of Lorsch, near Worms. The manuscript contains only a fragment (five pages) of the Hieronymianum, covering 25 December to 3 January, and 27 January to 31 January, written in Lorsch in the first half of the 9th century: http://bibliotheca-laureshamensis-digital.de/bav/bav_pal_lat_238). The fragment is at fol. 74-75, 1-2.
The standard edition of 1894, by G. B. de Rossi and L. Duchesne, published these four manuscripts in parallel columns. In 1931, H. Quentin produced a new edition, with a commentary by H. Delehaye, which attempted to collate the different manuscript readings into a single text.
Even though all the early manuscripts are believed to descend from the same redaction, they are by no means identical. In particular, BnF lat. 10837, the earliest of all, often contains a text which differs markedly from Bern 289 and Weissenburg 81, which are much closer to each other. Because the text varies between manuscripts, in content as well as spelling, it is now universally agreed that it will never be possible to create an 'authoritative' single text of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum. De Rossi and Duchesne in 1894, facing the same problem, decided to print for each day of the year the text of all four early manuscripts, in four columns, and we have followed their lead. Our edition is essentially based on their edition, though we have checked their readings against the manuscripts, and corrected or removed some letters, words, diacritical marks, and comments introduced by the editors that do not exist in the manuscripts. We have then added three more columns: for Quentin’s text for the feast day, which sometimes comes in one version, sometimes in two, and for Delehaye’s reconstruction of much of the text, drawn from his Commentary. Delehaye's erudition was, and remains, unmatched, and we have leaned heavily on his commentary (which is in Latin), but it should be noted that his reconstructed text often departs markedly from the manuscripts. Using his extraordinary knowledge of the saints and their hagiography, he felt able to combine different parts of the Hieronymianum's text, and to correct garbled versions of names, to produce a more coherent 'original'. We consider each of his principal suggestions in our Discussion (below), and attempt a judgment as to how plausible they are. In Delehaye's extensive notes there are also other, more tentative, suggestions, which we have not discussed systematically.
The reason the Martyrologium Hieronymianum is such a difficult text is because it consists primarily of long lists of names (with no punctuation and no consistency in the use of capital letters), which were often unfamiliar to copyists and so easily garbled. Generally, we cannot get behind these garbled variants, but occasionally we can, allowing us to shed light on how the text evolved into its current, often confused, state. For instance, an entry for 9 March (E04711) probably originally read something like 'In Armenia minore Sebastia milit(um) XL', 'In Lesser Armenia, at Sebasteia, [the feast of] the Forty Soldiers' - in other words a commemoration of the 'Forty Martyrs of Sebaste' (S00103), prominent saints in the East, but less well-known in the Latin West. In one of our manuscripts (Weissenburg 81) this has become 'In arminia minore sabastiani et milia XL', 'In Lesser Armenia, [the feast of] Sebastianus and the forty-thousand'; somewhere in the process of transmission, the city of Sebasteia has become the martyr Sebastianus, and the 'soldiers' (militum) have become 'thousands' (milia).
Discussion
The early manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum record on 30 October, first, a number of commemorations in Nicomedia: of Ianuarus/Ianuarius, Calendinus/Calendio, Marcianus/Marcialis, Germanus, Maximus, Marcus, Theofilus/Tiofilus, and Eusebus/Eusebius. The saint Calendinus/Calendio appears to have commemoration on 30 October in the Syriac Martyrology (E01577), and he could be identified as *Kalendion (martyr in Nicomedia, S01104). Delehaye connects Germanus and Theofilus/Tiofilus with *Germanos and Theophilos (martyrs of Kaisareia/Caesarea of Cappadocia, and companions of Kyrillos, S01105), who have the commemoration in the Syriac Martyrology on 3 November (E01578). We consider this identification possible. Delehaye also suggests that Marcianus/Marcialis could be either *Markianos (martyr in Antioch, and companion of Silvanos, S01102), commemorated in the Syriac Martyrology on 26 October (E01575), or *Marcian (martyr of Nicomedia during Decius, and companion of Lucian, S01981), commemorated in Nicomedia on 26 October, according to this Martyrologium (E04998). We leave both options possible. Ianuarus/Ianuarius and Marcus, commemorated in Nicomedia, are not identified.The saint Maximus, commemorated in Conza (south Italy) on 30 October, as recorded in BnF 10837 (as well as Maximus recorded to have commemoration in Nicomedia in Bern 289), is *Maximus, (martyr of Conza (South Italy), 4th cent., S02200), who is probably the same Maximus who has the hagiographical passion written about him, BHL 5846, Maximus of Cumae (Campania). Together with him, in the same combination of manuscripts, is the saint Eusebus/Eusebius, who is not identified.
Further, the early manuscripts of the Hieronymianum record a number of saints in Africa on 30 October. Felix, Quintus, Lucia/Lucas, Lucianus, Victor, Vitalis, Donatus, Petrus, Marus, Ianuarus/Ianuarius, Firma, Hermes, Urbanus/Orbanus, and Atticus, commemorated in Africa, are not easily identified. Three of them, namely, *Felix, Victor and Ianuarius, (martyrs commemorated in the Calendar of Carthage, S02906), appear together in the Calendar of Carthage in February (E02205); we consider this identification possible. The others are not identified.
The death of Felicianus, with his companions, commemorated in Africa on 30 October, refers most probably to the same *Felicianus (martyr of Lucania, S02192), who is commemorated in this Martyrologium the day earlier (E05002).
As for the saints in Antioch, namely, Ianuarus/Ianuarius, Marcianus, Nazarus, Gerbasus/Geruasus, Protasus, and child Celsus, some of them are already mentioned among the commemorations in Nicomedia, such as Ianuarus/Ianuarius and Marcianus. Four others could be identified as the martyrs of Milan, *Nazarius and Celsus (companion martyrs of Milan, S00281), and *Gervasius and Protasius, (martyrs of Milan, S00313).
Further, all three manuscripts of the Martyrologium record on 30 October the translation of relics of *Saturninus, (bishop and martyr of Toulouse, S00289) to Toulouse.
A marginal note in Bern 289 commemorates the burial of Hugobertus (Hucbertus, Hubert), monk and bishop of Liège (Belgium). This saint died in 727, and his feast day is commonly 30 May; since he died after 700 he does not have an individual entry in this database.
They are among *Other saints, on 30 October in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum: in Nicomedia, Antioch, Comza (Italy), Africa (S02202).
Bibliography
Editions:De Rossi, G. B., and Duchesne, L., Martyrologium Hieronymianum ad finem codicum adiectis prolegomenis. Acta Sanctorum Nov.II.1 (Brussels, 1894).
Quentin, H. and Delehaye, H., Acta Sanctorum Nov.II.2 (Brussels, 1931).
On the Martyrologium Hieronymianum:
Duchesne, L., "A propos du martyrologe hiéronymien," Analecta Bollandiana 17 (1898), 421-447.
Lapidge, M., The Roman Martyrs. Introduction, Translations, and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
Lapidge, M., "Acca of Hexham and the Origin of the Old English Martyrology," Analecta Bollandiana 123 (2005), 29-78.
Lifshitz, F., The Name of the Saint. The Martyrology of Jerome and Access to the Sacred in Francia, 627-827 (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006).
Ó Riain, P., "A Northumbrian Phase in the Formation of the Hieronymian Martyrology. The Evidence of the Martyrology of Tallaght," Analecta Bollandiana 120 (2002), 311-363.
On the manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum:
Butzmann, H., Die Weissenburger Handschriften (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1964), 242-243.
Muller, J. C., "Trois manuscrits liturgiques de l'abbaye d'Echternach à Paris," in Abteistadt Echternach, éd. P. Schritz, A. Hoffmann (Luxembourg, 1981), 202-206.
Ó Cróinín, D., "Rath Melsigi, Willibrord, and the Earliest Echternach Manuscripts," Peritia 3 (1984), 17-49.
Libaert, P., "Notice sur 43 manuscrits d'Echternach conservés à la bibliothèque nationale de Paris," Hémecht 1 (1985), 53-73.
McKitterick, R., Books, Scribes and Learning in the Frankish Kingdoms, Sixth-Ninth Centuries (Aldershot: Variorum, 1994).
On saints and calendars:
Farmer, D. H., Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Nilles, N., Kalendarium Manuale utriusque Ecclesiae Orientalis et Occidentalis I-II (Farnborough: Gregg International Publishers Ltd, 1971).
Watkins, B., The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015).
Datum Table
| BnF 10837 | Bern 289 | Weissenburg 81 | BAV 238 | Other Mss | Quentin | Quentin | Delehaye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| III k nõ nicom̃ nt̃ ianuari calendini marciani germani marci theofili | III KL. NOU. IN NICOMD. Ianuarii. Calendionis. Marciani. Maximi. Germani Marci. Tiofili. Eusebii. | III KL. NOU. Nicomedia ianuarii calendionis marcialis germani marci tiofili eusebi | In Nicomedia natale Ianuari Calendionis Marciani Germani Marci Theofili | In Nicomedia natale Ianuari Calendionis Marciani Maximi Germani Marci Theofili Eusebi. | in Nicomedia Calendionis. | ||
| et in comsa maximi eusebi | et in Comsa Maximi Eusebi. | in Comsa Maximi. | |||||
| et aff̃ pas̃ martyr̃ CCXX Item felicis quinti luciae luciani victoris vitalis donati petri mari ianuari firmae hermetis urbani attici et feliciani cū socis suis | ET IN AFRICA Passi sunt martyres numero ducenti XXX. It. Felicis. Quinti. Lucae. Luciani. Uictoris. Uitalis Donati. Petri. Mari. Ianuarii. Firmȩ Hermetis. Orbani. Attici. et Passio Sc̃i Feliciani cū sociis suis | et in africa passi sunt martyres numero. CC. XX. felicis quinti lucae luciani. uictoris uitalis donati petri mari ianuarii firmae hermetis urbani attici et pas̃ sc̃i feliciani cū sociis suis | et in Africa passi sunt martyres numero CCXX. item Felicis Quinti Luciae Luciani Victoris Vitalis Donati Petri Mari Ianuari Firmae Hermetis Urbani Attici et Feliciani cum sociis suis. | et in Africa passi sunt martyres numero CCXX. item Felicis Quinti Luciae Luciani Victoris Vitalis Donati Petri Mari Ianuari Firmae Hermetis Urbani Attici et passio sancti Feliciani cum sociis suis. | |||
| in antioc̃ ianuari marciani nazari gerbasi protasi et celsi pueri | IN ANTIOCHIA. lanuarii. Marciani. Nazari. Geruasi. Protasi. et celsi pueri. | In anthiocia ianuari marciani nazari geruasi protasi et celsi pueri | in Antiochia Ianuari Marciani Nazari Gerbasi Protasi et Celsi pueri. | in Antiochia Ianuari Marciani Nazari Gerbasi Protasi et Celsi pueri. | |||
| tolosa transł saturnini ep̃i et mar̃. | IN TOLOSA Ciuit̃ translatio corporis. Sc̃i Sat̃nini ep̃i et mar̃ | tolosa ciuĩ translatio corporis sc̃i saturnini ep̃i et mar̃. | in Tolosa civitate translatio corporis sancti Saturnini episcopi et martyris | in Tolosa civitate translatio corporis sancti Saturnini episcopi et martyris | in Tolosa civitate translatio corporis sancti Saturnini episcopi et martyris. | ||
| et in gal. vico leudio dep. hugob(er)ti epi et conf. |
Record Created By
Marijana Vukovic
Date of Entry
01/12/2021
| ID | Name | Name in Source | Identity | S00281 | Nazarius and Celsus, companion martyrs of Milan | Nazarus; Celsus | Certain | S00289 | Saturninus, bishop and martyr of Toulouse | Saturninus | Certain | S00313 | Gervasius and Protasius, brothers and martyrs of Milan | Geruasus/Gerbasus; Protasus | Certain | S01102 | Silvanos and Markianos, martyrs of Antioch | Marcianus/Marcialis | Uncertain | S01104 | Kalendion, martyr of Nicomedia | Calendinus/Calendio | Certain | S01105 | Germanos, Theophilos and Kyrillos, martyrs of Caesarea/Kaisareia of Cappadocia | Germanus; Theofilus/Tiofilus | Uncertain | S01981 | Lucian and Marcian, martyrs of Nicomedia during Decius | Marcianus/Marcialis | Uncertain | S02192 | Felicianus, martyr of Lucania | Felicianus | Certain | S02200 | Maximus, martyr of Conza, 4th cent. | Maximus | Certain | S02202 | Other saints, on 30 October in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum: in Nicomedia, Antioch, Comza (Italy), Africa | Ianuarus/Ianuarius; Marcus; Eusebus/Eusebius; Quintus; Lucia/Lucas; Lucianus; Vitalis; Donatus; Petrus; Marus; Firma; Hermes; Urbanus/Orbanus; Atticus | Certain | S02906 | Felix, Victor and Ianuarius, martyrs commemorated at Carthage | Felix; Victor; Ianuarius/Ianuarus | Uncertain |
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