The Latin Martyrdom of *Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda (virgins and martyrs of Thuburbo, S01812) recounts how three young girls refused to sacrifice, were exposed to the beasts (in vain), and eventually beheaded at Thuburbo (Proconsularis, central North Africa). Written probably at Thuburbo, in the 4th or 5th c.
E07491
Literary - Hagiographical - Accounts of martyrdom
The martyrdom of Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda
1. The proconsul of Africa, Anulinus, following the orders of the emperors Maximian and Gallienus [sic!], rounds up the Christians of possesio Cephalitana [in the territory of Thuburbo Maius] and commands them to sacrifice to the idols, which the majority, including the presbyters and deacons, duly do.
2. Two beautiful young virgins defy the orders. The first of them, fourteen-year-old Maxima, is interrogated by Anulinus.
3. Anulinus interrogates Donatilla, the sister of Maxima. He orders both of them to be deported to Thuburbo and to be given only gall and vinegar.
4. Twelve-year-old Secunda, seeing Donatilla and Maxima, jumps off the balcony of her parents‘ house to join them. Donatilla and Maxima start by discouraging her, reminding her that she is the only child of her parents, but they eventually accept her.
5. Anulinus again orders Donatilla and Maxima to sacrifice, and when they decline, he has them lashed. Then he gives them 'tatiba' to drink and sprinkles burning coals on their heads.
6. Anulinus brings the three girls to the amphitheatre and gives them over to a ferocious bear which has not eaten for two or three days.
Qui antequam ad Maximam sanctam properaret, coepit Donatilla ipsi dicere: ‘Fac quod tibi praeceptum est; noli timere.’ Statimque ursus vocem dedit et Maxima vocem eius intellexit; et pedes eius bestia linxit et virgines Dei illaesas dimisit.
‘Before it had approached the holy Maxima, Donatilla began to say to it, “Do what was commanded of you, don’t be afraid.“ And immediately the bear roared and Maxima understood its roar; and the beast licked her feet and sent the virgins of God away unharmed‘.
So Anulinus orders them to be beheaded. Their bodies were buried in the amphitheatre in the place reserved for the bodies of the executed.
Text: C. De Smedt.
Summary and translation: Stanisław Adamiak.
Miracle with animals and plants
Miracle at martyrdom and death
Protagonists in Cult and NarrativesWomen
Source
There are no reliable indicators of a date for this text, but it is probably of the fourth or fifth century. The edition of Charles de Smedt is based on the only existing manuscript.The 9th-century martyrology of Ado of Vienne used a manuscript with a slightly different version of story, but this version of the text has not been traced.
Discussion
This text has sometimes been imputed to be Donatist, mainly because of the jump of Secunda from the balcony, which for Maier echoes the accusations against Donatists of killing themselves through precipitation from great heights. However, the goal of the girl’s leap is to join the other martyrs in haste, not to die on the spot! Arguably, the emphasis on the fidelity of young girls, contrasted with the betrayal of the clergy, could indeed indicate a Donatist milieu, but is not a sufficient proof for it. Franchi de’ Cavalieri considered the text to be a Donatist one modified by the Catholics, while Delehaye saw it the other way round. Both scholars see the addition of Secunda (in §4) as an interpolation; indeed, she appears unexpectedly in the middle of the story and then virtually disappears from it. On the other hand, the cult of the three martyrs together is confirmed by inscriptions from Testour (E07483) and from Theveste.The date of their martyrdom, 30 July, which does not appear in this text, is given by the Calendar of Carthage (E02198) and by the Martyrologium Hieronimianum (E04898). This latter text presents Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda as the first named martyrs of a large group which included several men; these companion martyrs are not mentioned in our Martyrdom. Augustine preached in their honour on their feast day, 30 July 411 (Sermo 345, Frangipane 3; E04534).
Gallienus is of course a mistake for Galerius. We do not know what ‘tatiba’ was; it is unknown from other sources.
Bibliography
Editions:De Smedt, C., "Passiones tres martyrum Africanorum: ss. Maximae, Donatillae et Secundae, s. Typasii veterani et s. Fabii vexilleferi," Analecta Bollandiana 9 (1890), 107-134.
Translation:
Tilley, M.A., Donatist Martyr Stories. The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa, Liverpool 1996, 13-24.
Further reading:
Franchi de' Cavalieri, P., "Della passio sanctarum Maximae, Donatillae et Secundae," in: Note agiografiche, fasc. 8 (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vatiana 1935), 75-100.
Dearn, A., "Donatist Martyrs, Stories and Attitudes", in: R. Miles (ed.), The Donatist Schism: Controversy and Contexts (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 2016), 70-100.
Stanisław Adamiak
10/04/2019
| ID | Name | Name in Source | Identity | S01812 | Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda, virgins and martyrs of Thuburbo | Maxima; Secunda; Donatilla | Certain |
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