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The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity


from its origins to circa AD 700, across the entire Christian world


Name

Gabriel, the Archangel

Saint ID

S00192

Gender
Male
Type of Saint
Angels and archangels
Related Evidence Records
IDTitle
E00164Greek Calendar of Church Services to be performed at different churches in Oxyrhynchus (Middle Egypt) from the end of October to the end of March of the years 535–536, providing information on the names of many churches, and on the saints’ days celebrated in the city.
E00373Gregory of Tours, in his Glory of the Martyrs (7), discusses a relic of Christ in a church of the *Archangels (S00191) in 'the city of Galatea', certainly the shrine of the Archangel *Michael (S00181) in Germia (central Asia Minor). Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 580/594.
E00666Coptic Encomion on *Kollouthos (physician and martyr of Antinoopolis, S00641) attributed to Isaak, bishop of Antinoopolis, presented on his feast day in Antinoopolis (Middle Egypt), relating the story of his exceptional childhood, his early adult life as a physician, his martyrdom, and various miracles at his burial shrine. Written, probably in the 6th/7th c.; preserved in a manuscript dated 14 February 861.
E00740Greek inscription commemorating the paving of a street next to an oratory of *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192) in Ephesos (western Asia Minor) commissioned by two municipal officials. Probably 5th/6th c.
E00741Greek list from the city of Oxyrhynchos (Middle Egypt), presenting festal payments expected from various churches and shrines, most of them dedicated to saints, including *Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), *Ioustos/Justus (saint with martyr shrine at Oxyrrhynkos, S01172), *John the Baptist (S00020), *Menas (soldier and martyr of Abu Mena, S00073), *Thekla (probably the follower of Apostle Paul, S00092), *Euphemia (martyr of Chalcedon, S00017), *Neilos (perhaps the martyr of Alexandria, S00405), *Viktor (, martyr of Egypt, son of Romanos, S00749), possibly *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), *Philoxenos (saint with cult at Oxyrhynchos, S00443), and *Ioulianos/Julianus (probably the martyr of Cilicia, buried at Antioch or in Egypt, S00305); datable to the 5th c.
E00812Fragmentary Greek inscription with three partially preserved three legal decisions (an imperial letter probably of the emperor Justinian; a letter from a high-ranking Eastern official; and a letter probably from a governor of the province of Caria) concerning the ecclesiastical asylum at a sanctuary of *Gabriel the Archangel (S00192) in Miletos (Caria, western Asia Minor). Found in Miletos, probably 539-542.
E00891Greek inscription with an invocation of God followed by the names of four Archangels: *Michael (S00181), *Gabriel (S00192), *Istrael (S00690), and *Raphael (S00481). Found in the territory of Hierapolis (Phrygia, west central Asia Minor). Probably late antique.
E01181Fragmentary Greek inscription, arguably referring to the 'magnanimity' of the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192); or, more probably, marking the boundaries of a property owned by a church of the Archangels. Found at Thermi (Lesbos). Probably late antique.
E01218Fragments of a Greek inscription with an oracle predicting the conversion of a pagan temple into a church dedicated to *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), also referring to an unnamed *Archangel. Found at Ikaria (the Aegean Islands). Probably 5th-6th c.
E01225Coptic Martyrdom of *Paese and Thekla (brother and sister, martyrs of Alexandria, S00750) from Pousire in the Hermopolite nome and from Antinoopolis, both martyrs in Alexandria under the dux Armenios, but beheaded on their way south. The account includes: the martyrdom of *Viktor (son of Romanos, Egyptian martyr, S00749) at Alexandria; miracles performed by and on the saints through *Raphael (the Archangel, S00481); a visit of Paese to the heavenly Jerusalem; a boat trip on which Thekla meets *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) and *Elisabeth (mother of John the Baptist, S01328), and the Archangels *Gabriel (S00192) and *Raphael (S00481); an account of the benefits that will be gained by adherents of Paese and Thekla's cult. Probably written in the 6th/7th c., preserved in a 9th c. manuscript.
E01247Coptic funerary inscription on marble from the necropolis of the monastery of Apa Ieremias at Saqqara (Lower Egypt) with an invocation to the typical group of saints celebrated at Saqqara: *Michael (the Archangel, S00181), *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), *Adam (the first man, S00772), Apa *Ieremias, Apa Enoch, and Ama Sibylla (saints of Saqqara, S00773); datable to the 8th/9th c.
E01249Coptic joint funerary inscription on marble most likely from the necropolis of the monastery of Apa Ieremias at Saqqara (Lower Egypt) with an invocation to the typical group of saints celebrated at Saqqara: *Ieremias, Enoch and Sibylla (saints of Saqqara, S00773), the Archangels *Michael and *Gabriel (S00181 and S00192),*Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), *Adam and Zoe/Eve (the first man and woman, S00772), *Apollo, Phib and Anoup (monks and monastic founders, S00774), and other holy men; possibly of the 8th/9th century.
E01252Coptic funerary inscription, probably from Bawit, with a long invocation to a large number of saints including the Archangels *Michael and *Gabriel (S00181 and S00192),*Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), *Adam and Zoe/Eve (the first man and woman, S00772), the Apostles (S00084), the martyrs *Viktor (martyr of Egypt, son of Romanos, S00749), *Phoibammon (soldier and martyr of Assiut, S00080), *George (soldier and martyr, S00259), and *Menas (soldier and martyr buried at Abu Mena, S00073), and *Pamoun (possibly the monk and martyr of Alexandria, S00775), as well as a long list of monastic figures that includes *Apollo, Anoup and Phib (monks and monastic founders, S00774); of unknown date, presumably 6th/9th century and most likely from Bawit (Middle Egypt).
E01262Coptic inscription on a wooden lintel with an invocation to the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192), and to *Apollo and Phib (monks and monastic founders, S00774), from the monastery of Apa Apollo at Bawit (Middle Egypt); datable to the 6th/7th century.
E01296Greek charm on a lead leaf, exorcising a malicious tumour, by the names of the Archangels: *Michael (S00181), *Gabriel (S00192), *Ouriel (S00770), and *Raphael (S00481). Probably Christian. Found near Arkesini (island of Amorgos; Aegean Islands). Probably 5th-8th c.
E01302Coptic funerary inscription from Bawit (Middle Egypt) with a long invocation to a large number of saints including the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192), *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), *Adam and Zoe/Eve (the first man and woman, S00772), the *Apostles (S00084), the martyrs *Viktor (son of Romanos, Egyptian martyr, S00749), *Phoibamon (soldier and martyr of Assiut, S00080), *George (soldier and martyr, S00259), *Menas (soldier and martyr buried at Abu Mena, S00073), the *Martyrs of Thone (S00771), and a long list of monastic figures including *Apollo, Anoup and Phib (monks and monastic founders, S00774); presumably 6th/8th century.
E01308Fragment of a Coptic Martyrdom of *Thekla (martyr from Assiut, S00777), presenting a hymn sung by *Pamoun and Klaudios (possible fellow martyrs with Thekla from Assiut, S02926), invoking the help of all the saints and the Archangels *Michael (S00181), *Gabriel (S00192), and *Raphael (S00481), sung by *Pamoun and Klaudios (possible companion martyrs of Thekla of Assiut, S02926) in the midst of the crowd gathered to witness the trial of Thekla; 5th-9th century, of unknown Egyptian provenance.
E01338The church of Panagia Kanakaria at Lythrankomi (north-eastern Cyprus) houses a mosaic with depictions of Christ, *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), unnamed *Archangels (almost certainly *Michael, S00181, and *Gabriel, S00192), and with labelled depictions of *Apostles and *Evangelists. Probably 525-550.
E01339The church of Panagia Angeloktistos at Kiti (southeastern Cyprus) houses a mosaic with depictions of Christ, *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and unnamed *Archangels (almost certainly *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192)). Probably 6th c.
E01340The church of Panagia tes Kyras near Livadia (eastern Cyprus) houses a mosaic with depictions of Christ, *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and an unnamed *Archangel. Probably 6th c.
E01392Seals with bilingual Greek/Latin inscriptions of owners, and with images of saints: *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), *John the Baptist (S00020), and *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192). Found in various locations on Crete. 5th-7th c.
E01430Copper disc with a depiction of *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) and *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192) in the Annunciation scene. Probably from Constantina/Tella (north Mesopotamia/Osroene). Probably 6th c.
E01633Floor-mosaic with a Greek inscription, commemorating the paving of a church dedicated to the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192). Found at Ras ad-Dayr, near ancient Pella/Berenike and Gerasa/Jerash (Roman province of Palaestina II). Dated 600 or 601.
E01636Greek dedicatory inscriptions from the so-called double church in Androna (modern al-Andarin), to the east of Apamea on the Orontes (central Syria), dedicated to one or more unnamed Archangels, also mentioning a refuge/asylum zone. Probably 5th-7th c.
E01695Greek inscription on a possibly Christian fragmentary amulet, invoking the help of the Archangels: *Michael (S00181), *Gabriel (S00192), and *Ouriel (S00770) for a horse, and possibly the help of *Sisinnios, a holy rider (S00608), against a demon. Provenance unknown, possibly Syria. Probably late antique.
E01758Amulets from the collection of S. Ayvaz with Greek inscriptions invoking the Archangels: *Michael (S00181), *Gabriel (S00192), *Ouriel (S00770), and depictions showing *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and a holy rider. Found in Syria, various locations. Probably Roman impeiral, late antique, and/or middle Byzantine. Pagan and/or Christian.
E01814Greek inscription, labelling busts of the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192). Found in the basilica at Qalb Lozeh between Antioch on the Orontes and Beroia/Aleppo (north Syria). Probably later 5th c.
E01838Greek building inscription for an oratory (eukterion) of unnamed *Archangels. Found at Fa'loūl , near Androna, to the east of Apamea on the Orontes and Ḥamāh/Amathe (central Syria). Dated 526/527.
E01839Greek inscription with an invocation of *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192). Found at Fa'loūl, near Androna, to the east of Apamea on the Orontes and Ḥamāh/Amathe (central Syria). Probably 6th c.
E01874Greek inscription on a lintel, invoking the God of an unnamed Archangel. Found at Androna (modern al-Andarin), to the east of Apamea on the Orontes (central Syria). Dated probably 533/534.
E01901Coptic Encomion on *Theodore 'Stratelates' (general and martyr of Amaseia and Euchaita, S00136), attributed to Anastasios of Euchaita and presented on the saint's feast day, relating how his father was a Christian Egyptian, how he slew a dragon and was martyred, and how his mother took his body to be buried 'at the mountain of Shotep' in Upper Egypt. Written sometime in the 6th/8th c., preserved in a manuscript dated to 861.
E01923Coptic rent contract from Hermopolis (Middle Egypt) for parts of a house facing a 'street of Apa Gabriel', probably named after a church or monastery of *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192); datable to the 7th century.
E02076Coptic rent contract from Hermopolis (Middle Egypt) for parts of a house mentioning a 'street of the Archangel Gabriel', probably named after a church or a monastery of *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192); datable to the 7th century.
E02109Coptic Martyrdom of Apa *Phoibammon (soldier and martyr of Assiut, S00080), presented by Kolouthos the Stylite, giving an account of his family background, trial, and martyrdom at Assiut (Upper Egypt), with other soldiers, from the garrisons of Esna and Aswan: *Orsunouphios, Ischerion, Belphios, Origen, and Peter (soldiers and companion martyrs with Phoibammon of Assiut, S01201); datable to the 6th/7th century.
E02123Greek list from the city of Oxyrhynchos (Middle Egypt), listing churches, most of them dedicated to saints, including *Viktor (presumably the martyr of Egypt, son of Romanos, S00749), *Neilos (perhaps the martyr of Alexandria, S00405), an Evangelist (possibly *Mark, E00293), *Zechariah (presumably the father of John the Baptist, S00597), *John (the Apostle and Evangelist, S00042), *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), *Kollouthos (physician and martyr of Antinoopolis, S00641), *John the Baptist (S00020), *Theodore (presumably the soldier and martyr of Amaseia and Euchaita, S00480), *Ioustos (saint with martyr shrine at Oxyrrhynchos, S01172), and *Phoibammon (presumably the soldier and martyr of Assiut, S00080); datable to the 6th century.
E02233Greek order for the payment of wine, from Oxyrhynchos (Middle Egypt), mentioning an institution dedicated to *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192) and the feast of Epiphany; datable to the 6th century.
E02243Greek building inscription for a church of the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192). Found at al-Ghāriyyeh al-Gharbiyyeh, to the northwest of Bostra (Roman province of Arabia). Dated 598/599.
E02341A niche at the entrance to the 'episcopal complex' of Gerasa/Jerash (Roman province of Arabia) has painted inscriptions, with the names of *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and of the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192). Probably 5th c. or later.
E02614Four balconies with T-shaped stone blocks inscribed with crosses and the names of the Archangels *Gabriel (S00192), *Raphael (S00481), *Michael (S00181), and *Ouriel (S00770). On a tower at Umm al-Jimāl, to the southwest of Bostra (Roman province of Arabia). Probably 5th-7th c.
E03081Clay stamp for making eulogiae with a Greek inscription referring to *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and probably the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192). Found at Tel Mefalsim/Khirbet Deir Dusawi near Gaza (Roman province of Palaestina I). Probably 6th c.
E03429The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 14 November *Leontios (probably the martyr of Tripolis, Phoenicia, S00216), the deposition of the relics of *John the Baptist (S00020), *Elisha (Old Testament prophet, S00239), and the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192).
E03535Coptic Martyrdom of Apa *Timotheos and his daughter Martyria (S01462), most likely taking place at Hermopolis/Antinoopolis (Middle Egypt), relating the horrific tortures they endured under the hegemon Arianos and the miraculous appearances of the archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192) to rescue them repeatedly. Their martyrdom begins as Paulos, Pausire, and Maria (monastic martyrs under Arianos at Antinoopolis/Hermopolis, S01847) are sentenced to death; presumably written in the 6th/7th c.
E03662Fragmentary tax receipt written in Greek on papyrus, mentioning tax due to shrines of *Theodore (probably the soldier and martyr of Euchaita, S00480), and perhaps an *Archangel. Found in Petra, drafted in Petra or Kastron Zadakathon/Sadaqa (Roman province of Palaestina III). P.Petra IV 37, dated 565/575.
E03926The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 14 November *Leontios (probably the martyr of Tripolis, Phoenicia, S00216), *Agapios (martyr of Caesarea of Palestine, S00188), the deposition of the relics of *John the Baptist (S00020), *Elisha (Old Testament prophet, S00239), *Philip (the Apostle, S00109), and the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192).
E04953The Greek Life of *Nikolaos of Sion (abbot and bishop in Lycia, ob. 564, S00559) recounts the foundation of the monastery of Holy Sion in the village of Pharroa in Lycia (south-west Asia Minor) and the miracles of Nikolaos, its first abbot. A number of shrines of different saints are mentioned in the narrative. Written in the late 6th c., probably at the monastery of Holy Sion. Overview entry
E04957The Greek Life of *Nikolaos of Sion (abbot and bishop in Lycia, ob. 564, S00559) mentions fifteen shrines of various saints at villages in the territory of Myra in Lycia (south-west Asia Minor), and the celebration of public feasts with sacrifices of oxen at them, organised by Nikolaos, abbot of the monastery of Holy Sion. Written in the late 6th c., probably at the monastery of Holy Sion in Lycia.
E05442Coptic funerary inscription from Wadi Sarga (Upper Egypt), with an invocation of *Michael (S00181), *Gabriel (S00192), *Mary (S00033), the *Apostles (S00084), *Anoup (the monk and monastic founder,S00774, or the saint with cult at Wadi Sarga, S02068), Apa *Thomas (S01695), and Apa *Paese (S02067); datable to the 7th/8th century.
E05555Venantius Fortunatus writes eleven books of Poems in Latin, mainly in western and north-western Gaul, 565/600; many of them with reference to saints. Overview entry.
E05756Venantius Fortunatus writes a poem (10.5), for an oratory dedicated to *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), built by Gregory (bishop of Tours 573-594) in Artannes in the territory of Tours (north-west Gaul). Written in Latin in Gaul, 576/594.
E05759Venantius Fortunatus writes a poem (10.10) on the oratory dedicated to *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), built by Gregory (bishop of Tours, 573-594) in Artannes (north-west Gaul), and lists the relics housed there. Written in Latin in Gaul, 576/594.
E06048Mosaics from the 6th c. depicting Apollinaris (bishop and martyr of Ravenna, S00331), *Michael (the Archangel, S00181), *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), *Matthew (the Apostle and Evangelist), possibly *Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and several holy bishops of Ravenna in Sant'Apollinare in Classe (near Ravenna, northern Italy), datable 533/549.
E06049The mosaics of the church of San Michele in Africisco in Ravenna (northern Italy), consecrated in 545, depict in the apse Christ flanked by the Archangels *Michael and *Gabriel (S00181 and S00192), and, on either side of the apse, *Cosmas/Kosmas and Damianus (brothers, physician martyrs of Syria, S00385). The mosaics were detached in 1844, and comprehensively 'restored' for display in what is now the Museum für byzantinische Kunst in Berlin.
E06091Adomnán, in his On the Holy Places, reports the recent visit of the Franco-Gallic bishop Arculf to a church in Nazareth, built on the site where *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192) spoke to *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033). Written in Latin at Iona (north-west Britain), possibly 683/689.
E06147The Greek Martyrdom of *George (soldier and martyr, S00259), tells the story of a young soldier, and his companion martyrs, who defies the wicked pagan king Dadianos, is tortured and killed three times and thrice resurrected by Christ, and finally martyred after converting many followers, banishing the demon Apollon. Written probably either in Diospolis/Lydda (Palestine) or in Alexandria or elsewhere in the East, probably originally in the 5th c., with at least two successive major revisions in the 5th-7th c.
E06310Coptic invocation possibly from Panopolis (Upper Egypt) addressing* Michael (the Archangel, S00181), *Gabriel (the Archangel, S00192), *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00030), *Zechariah (presumably the father of John the Baptist, S00597) and *5400 Martyrs (unnamed, S00060) to cause someone physical harm; datable to the end of the 4th/beginning of the 5th century.
E06492The Latin Life of *Rusticula, also known as Marcia (abbess of Arles, ob. 627/632, S02433), is written by the presbyter Florentius; it recounts her pious childhood, her many years as abbess of the monastery of saint John at Arles (southern Gaul), her political travails, and several lifetime and posthumous miracles. Written in southern Gaul, c. 627/640. Overview entry.
E06821Coptic manuscript from the monastery of the Archangel Michael near Hamouli in the Fayum, relating the status and function of *Gabriel, the Archangel (S00192); most likely written during the 6th century. Skeleton entry
E08000The Latin Life of *Rusticula (abbess of Arles, ob. 627/632, S02433) describes how Rusticula dedicated a basilica in Arles (southern Gaul) first to the Cross, then to *Michael (the Archangel, S00181), and dedicated altars in a separate building to the Cross, and to the archangels *Gabriel and *Raphael (S00192, S00481), the Apostle *Thomas (S00199), and the martyrs *Sebastianus (martyr of Rome, S00400), *Mauricius (martyr of the Theban Legion, S00339), and *Pontius (martyr of Cimiez, S01486). Written in southern Gaul, c. 627/640.
E08263Latin inscription recording the deposition of relics of *Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda (virgins and martyrs of Thuburbo, S01812), and the presence of relics of *Vincentius (deacon and martyr of Zaragoza and Valencia, S00290) and *Crispina (of Thagora, martyred at Theveste, S00905); with invocation of the Archangels *Michael (S00181) and *Gabriel (S00192). Found near Theveste (Numidia, central North Africa). Probably 6th c.
E08343The coffin of *Cuthbert (bishop and anchorite of Lindisfarne, ob. 687, S01955) is constructed of oak and decorated with images of the archangels, apostles, evangelists and *Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), whose names are inscribed in Latin (some with runic letters). Made for the saint's translation at Lindisfarne, 698.