Record | The Cult of Saints

Name

Paul, the Apostle

Saint ID

S00008

Number in BH

BHG 1451-1465, BHL 6569-6583

Reported Death Not Before

64

Reported Death Not After

68

Gender

Male

Type of Saint

Twelve Apostles and Paul, Martyrs, Miracle-workers in lifetime, Converts

Related Evidence Records

ID	Title
E00010	Mosaic inscription in Greek with dedication by Bishop Porphyrios of a floor mosaic in the 'Basilica of *Paul' (presumably the Apostle, S00008) at Philippi (south Balkans/Greece). Probably mid 4th-century.
E00013	Ecclesiastical complex of mid-4th to early 7th c. dedicated to *Paul (presumably the Apostle, S00008) in the centre of Philippi (south Balkans/Greece). It engulfs a pre-existing tomb shrine; excavations revealed cult buildings and evidence for veneration of relics.
E00029	Theophylact Simocatta, in his History (8.13.16), mentions that the emperor Maurice built a church of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) at the saint's native city of Tarsus (Cilicia, southern Asia Minor). Written in Greek at Constantinople in the early 7th century.
E00044	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of *Peter (the Apostle, S00036), tells how he was crucified on the Vatican Hill outside Rome on 29 June and buried close by.
E00099	Optatus, bishop of Milevis (Numidia, central North Africa), in his polemical treatise Against Parmenianus, calls Rome the see of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and doubts if Macrobius, a Donatist bishop of Rome, probably his contemporary, ever had any association with the graves (memoriae) of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00008) in Rome, or even approached them. Written in Latin, probably in Milevis, 364/c. 384.
E00118	Eusebius of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastical History (2.25.5-7), quotes a letter from Gaius of Rome (late 2nd c.) to the Montanist leader Proklos, which mentions the tombs in Rome of the Apostles Peter (00036) in the Vatican and Paul (S00008) on the Via Ostiensis. Quoted in Greek in Palestine in 311/325.
E00164	Greek Calendar of Church Services to be performed at different churches in Oxyrhynchus (Middle Egypt) from the end of October to the end of March of the years 535–536, providing information on the names of many churches, and on the saints’ days celebrated in the city.
E00257	Sulpicius Severus, in his Dialogues (2.13) on Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050), recounts how Martin often conversed with a number of major saints in heaven: Agnes (virgin and martyr of Rome, S00097), Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092), Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and also how he knew demons by name. Written in Latin in Primuliacum (south-west Gaul), c. 404-406.
E00281	Eusebius of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastical History (7.18), reports that, in his day, a statue of Jesus curing the Bleeding Woman existed in Caesarea Philippi, and miraculous cures were obtained from a plant growing on it. He also claims that pagans venerated painted images of Jesus and the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) as protectors. Written in Greek in Palestine, 311/325.
E00345	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Cornelius (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00172), tells how, at the request of a certain Lucina, he removed at night the bodies of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008) from the 'Catacumbas' cemetery on the via Appia outside Rome; how Lucina reburied Paul on her estate on the via Ostiensis, near where he had been beheaded; and how Cornelius reburied Peter on the Vatican hill, near where he had been crucified, amongst the bodies of the holy bishops of Rome, on 29 June [AD 251/253].
E00367	Gregory of Tours writes the Glory of the Martyrs (Liber in Gloria Martyrum), in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 580/594. Overview entry.
E00402	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, recounts the founding and endowment of the basilica of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) outside Rome by the emperor Constantine (312-337).
E00406	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, recounts the founding and endowment of a basilica of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and *John the Baptist (S00020) in Ostia, close to Rome, by the emperor Constantine (312-337).
E00493	Gregory of Tours, in his Glory of the Martyrs (27), tells of the imprints of the knees of Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) in Rome; water collected in these has healing power. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 580/594.
E00495	Gregory of Tours, in his Glory of the Martyrs (28), describes milk and water flowing from the dead body of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) after his beheading, and recounts how his protection prevented a man from suicide. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 580/594.
E00499	Gregory of Tours, in his Glory of the Martyrs (29), records the following things in Ephesus (western Asia Minor): the tomb of Mary Magdalene (female follower of Jesus, S00286); the relics of the Seven Sleepers (brothers who fell asleep during the persecution of Decius, S00287); and the image of Diana destroyed by *Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 580/594.
E00529	The Piacenza Pilgrim records his visit to a monastery close to Damascus (Phoenicia), built at the site of the conversion of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and to the 'street called straight', renowned for its miracles, in Damascus itself. Account of an anonymous pilgrim, written in Latin, probably in Placentia (northern Italy), c. 560.
E00551	Greek epigram, probably from a dedicatory inscription in the church, recording the dedication of a church to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) by Justinian (later to become emperor) in the quarter of Hormisdas in Constantinople, c. 519. Recorded in the 10th c. Greek Anthology.
E00615	Letter of 519, from papal legates in Constantinople to Pope Hormisdas in Rome (Collectio Avellana 218), reporting that Justinian (the future emperor; nephew of the emperor Justin I) sought relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and of *Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037) for his basilica of Peter and Paul in Constantinople. Having been told this request was against the custom of Rome, he requests contact relics (sanctuaria) of Peter and Paul, and pieces from their chains and from the grate on which Laurence was martyred. Written in Latin.
E00616	Letter of 519 from Justinian (the future emperor; nephew of the emperor Justin I) to Pope Hormisdas (Collectio Avellana 187), requesting relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) from Rome for his basilica of the same saints in Constantinople. He donates two silk cloths for their altar in Rome. Written in Latin in Constantinople.
E00617	Letter of 519 from Pope Hormisdas to Justinian (the future emperor; nephew of the emperor Justin I), accompanying contact relics (sanctuaria) of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), sent in response to the latter's request for relics for his church in Constantinople dedicated to Peter and Paul. Collectio Avellana 190, written in Latin in Rome.
E00626	Gregory of Tours, in his Glory of the Martyrs (82), tells of a miracle through relics obtained in Rome by his deacon: the ship carrying the deacon to Marseille was saved from shipwreck when he lifted up the relics and invoked their saints by name; Gregory lists the relics as of unnamed Apostles (S00084), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037), Chrysanthus and Daria (chaste couple and martyrs of Rome, S00306), and *Iohannes and Paulus (brothers and eunuchs, martyrs of Rome under the emperor Julian, S00384). Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 580/594.
E00682	The Notitia ecclesiarum urbis Romae, a guide to saints' graves around Rome, lists those under the church of San Sebastiano, on the via Appia, south of the city. Written in Latin in Rome, 625/649.
E00687	The Notitia ecclesiarum urbis Romae, a guide to saints' graves around Rome, lists those on the via Ostiensis, south-west of the city. Written in Latin in Rome, 625/649.
E00720	Inscription with prayer in Greek, from a church in Kasossos near Mylasa (Caria, western Asia Minor). Refers to saints and other holy figures: Abraham (Old Testament patriarch, S00275), Jacob (Old Testament patriarch, S00280), Moses (Old Testament prophet and lawgiver, S00241), Elijah (Old Testament prophet, S00217), Elisha (Old Testament prophet, S00239), the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), other unnamed Apostles (S00084), unnamed Confessors (S00184), George (soldier and martyr, S00259), Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), and a virgin Eirene (possibly the martyr of Magedon, S02162). Probably late antique (6th/8th c.) or later.
E00739	Cave (so-called 'Grotto of Paul') at Ephesos (on the slope of Bülbüldağ, western Asia Minor), with painting, perhaps of the 5th c., showing Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and Thekla (the follower of Paul, S00092), and with undated graffiti invoking Paul (and other saints). Shrine continually in use, probably from the 5th c.
E00747	Bishop Nicetius of Trier, in a letter to Chlodosinda, queen of the Lombards (Austrasian Letter 8), claims that relics and churches dedicated to the saints are ineffective for Arians; he mentions Gothic veneration for the Apostles (S02422), and alludes to churches or shrines of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and John (probably the Baptist, S00020), all probably at Rome. Written in Latin, presumably at Trier (eastern Gaul), 561/569.
E00865	Multiple fragments of a Greek dedicatory inscription, probably commemorating the consecration of a church of the Apostles: Peter (S00036), possibly Paul (S00008), Andrew (S00288), probably Philip (S00109), probably Thomas (S00199), John (S00042); others are perhaps also named. Found at Side (Pamphylia, southern Asia Minor). Probably mid-6th c.
E00874	Anonymous sermon ('Eusebius Gallicanus', Sermon 55), on *Epipodius and Alexander (martyrs of Lyon, S00318). Preached in Latin at Lyon (south-east Gaul), probably in the 5th century.
E00975	Quodvultdeus of Carthage, in his Book of Promises, names several tombs of apostles and saints which guarantee the truthfulness of the doctrine of the Church: in Jerusalem, of James (probably the 'brother of the Lord', S00058) and Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030); at Ephesus, John (the Apostle and Evangelist, S00042); in Asia, Andrew (the Apostle, S00288); in Rome, the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and *Paul S00008). Written in Latin, probably during Quodvultdeus' exile in Italy, 440/454.
E00986	Greek epitaph for a woman, 'servant' of a Saint Paulos, probably *Paul the Apostle (S00008). Found at Satala (Roman province of Armenia I, eastern Asia Minor). Probably 6th c.
E01033	Augustine of Hippo, in his treatise Against Faustus, argues that the superiority of virginity over marriage is proven by the fact that it was preached by Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and chosen as her way of life by Thekla (follower of Paul, S00092). Written in Latin in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), c. 400.
E01034	Augustine of Hippo, in his treatise Against Faustus, explains that the Christians venerate martyrs, such as the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and *Cyprian (bishop and martyr of Carthage, S00411) as examples to imitate, but worship only God, even if they do it in places in which martyrs are commemorated. Written in Latin in Hippo (Numidia, central North Africa), c. 400.
E01041	Augustine of Hippo, in his City of God (1.1), states that during the sack of Rome in 410, Christians and pagans alike successfully sought asylum at the shrines of the apostles, not named, but evidently Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and of the martyrs. Written in Latin in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), 412/413.
E01052	The Depositio Martirum, a list of burials of martyrs (primarily of Rome), gives both the day of the year and the place of their burial; from the so-called Chronography of 354, compiled in Latin in Rome, c. 354.
E01085	Silver casket, probably re-used as a reliquary, decorated with depictions of Konon (one of the several homonymous martyrs of Anatolia), Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092), Christ flanked by the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and with Greek invocations, apparently of Konon, asked for health. Found at Çirga near Mut (Isauria, southern Asia Minor). Very probably late 5th c.
E01132	Greek epitaph for a deacon of a sanctuary of unnamed Apostles, probably the apostoleion of Peter (S00038) and *Paul (S00008) at the estate of Rufinianae. Found near Chalcedon (Bithynia, north-west Asia Minor, near Constantinople), probably 5th-6th c.
E01133	The Greek Life of Hypatios by Kallinikos reports that in c. 393 Rufinus, pretorian prefect of the East, acquired some relics of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008) from Rome, and deposited them in the so-called apostoleion at his estate of Rufinianae near Chalcedon (Bithynia, north-west Asia Minor, near Constantinople). Rufinus was also buried there. Written in Constantinople shortly after 450.
E01206	Fragment of an altar with a partially preserved Greek inscription, mentioning *Paul the Apostle (S00008), possibly patron of the church. Found at Pythagorio (Samos, the Aegean Islands). Probably mid-6th c.
E01244	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, is critical of Liberius (bishop of Rome, ob. 366, S00758), but mentions his burial in the cemetery of Priscilla on the via Salaria, on 9 September [AD 366], and his links with the churches of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and, particularly that of Agnes (virgin and martyr of Rome, S00097), which he beautified, all in Rome.
E01246	Martyr shrine of Akakios (perhaps the soldier and martyr of Byzantion, S00759), with an inscription labelling the apparent burial chamber of the martyr, and possible burials ad sanctos, i.e. close to the martyr's relics; part of the late antique basilica on the agora of Thasos/modern Limenas (island of Thasos, Aegean Islands), just possibly dedicated to Paul the Apostle (S00008). Dated by the excavator to the late 4th/first half of the 5th c.
E01273	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Damasus (bishop of Rome, ob. 384, S00535), lists his construction of a basilica of Laurence (martyr in Rome, S00037) inside the city of Rome; the dedication of a marble tablet at the Catacumbas cemetery on the via Appia, commemorating the former resting place of the bodies of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008); the discovery and honouring in verse of many martyrs; and his burial, with his mother and sister, in his own basilica on the via Ardeatina, on 11 December [AD 384].
E01289	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Caelestinus (bishop of Rome, ob. 432, S00528), tells of his gifts to the basilicas of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and *Paul (S00008) at Rome, and of his burial in the cemetery of Priscilla on the via Salaria outside the city, on 6 April [AD 432].
E01295	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Xystus III (bishop of Rome, ob. 440, S00764) describes the construction and decoration of several churches in Rome during his episcopate (432-440): the basilica of Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), present-day Santa Maria Maggiore, the confessiones of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and a basilica and confessio of *Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037).
E01305	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Leo (bishop of Rome, ob. 461, S00423), tells how a certain Demetrias built a basilica of Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030) on the via Latina outside Rome; how Leo himself established a monastery at St Peter's, built a basilica to Cornelius (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00172) near the cemetery of Callixtus on the via Appia, carried out a number of repairs at the basilicas of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008) and at the Lateran, and replaced the liturgical vessels of the city's tituli, which had been stolen by the Vandals. It also gives an account of the Council held in the basilica of Euphemia (martyr of Chalcedon, S00017) at Chalcedon, near Constantinople, and records *Leo's burial in Rome at the basilica of St Peter on 11 April [AD 461].
E01307	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Hilarus (bishop of Rome, ob. 468, S00566) names his refurbishments in, and offerings to, several churches and oratories in Rome: dedicated to John (Apostle and Evangelist, S00042), John the Baptist (S00020), the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037), and Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030).
E01313	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Simplicius (bishop of Rome, ob. 483, S00729) tells how he dedicated churches in and around Rome to Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), Andrew (the Apostle, S00288), and Bibiana (martyr of Rome under the emperor Julian, S00728); made arrangements concerning clergy in the churches of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and *Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037); and made gifts to St Peter's basilica; it closes with a record of his burial in St Peter's basilica on 2 March [AD 483].
E01315	The Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome in the 530s, and re-edited before 546, in its account of Felix III (bishop of Rome, ob. 492, S00785), recounts his building of a basilica of Agapitus (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00203), near the church of saint Laurence on the via Tiburtina outside Rome, and his burial at the basilica of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) [AD 492].
E01323	Greek inscription with the name Paulos, believed to have been on the lintel of a monastic church or chapel dedicated to *Paul the Apostle (S00008). Found near Salamis/Constantia (Cyprus). Probably late antique.
E01338	The church of Panagia Kanakaria at Lythrankomi (north-eastern Cyprus) houses a mosaic with depictions of Christ, Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), unnamed Archangels (almost certainly Michael, S00181, and Gabriel, S00192), and with labelled depictions of Apostles and Evangelists. Probably 525-550.
E01350	The second edition of the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome between the 530s and 546, in its account of *Symmachus (bishop and confessor of Rome, ob. 514, S00793), lists his building works at, and donations to, the churches of various saints in Rome and its region during his episcopate (498-514).
E01354	The second edition of the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome between the 530s and 546, in its account of Hormisdas (bishop of Rome, ob. 523, S00799), lists offerings to the basilica of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) by kings Clovis and Theodoric, and the emperor Justin; and Hormisdas' own gifts to the Lateran basilica and the basilicas of Peter and of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008).
E01357	The second edition of the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome between the 530s and 546, in its account of John I (bishop of Rome, ob. 526, S00308), lists his renovation works in the cemeteries of Nereus and Achilles (eunuchs and martyrs of Rome, S00403), of Felix and Adauctus (martyrs of Rome, S00421), and of Priscilla, all in the suburbs of Rome; his adornment of the confessio of Paul (the Apostle, S00008); as well as offerings made by the emperor Justin I to the churches in Rome of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), of Paul (the Apostle, S00008), of Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and of Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037).
E01372	The short Life of Vigilius, bishop of Rome 537-555, in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome, probably during the 6th c., mentions several churches and other places dedicated to saints, namely the basilica of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), the church of Caecilia (virgin and martyr of Rome, S00146), the city-gate of Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and the grave of Marcellus (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00529), all in or around Rome, as well as a church of *Euphemia (martyr of Chalcedon, S00017) in Constantinople.
E01398	The early 5th c. Syriac Martyrology commemorates on 28 December the martyrdom of Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and Peter (the Apostle, S00036). Preserved in a manuscript written in Edessa (northern Mesopotamia) in 411.
E01419	The short Life of Gregory I ('the Great, bishop of Rome, ob. 604, S00838) in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome, probably early in the 7th c., mentions his enhancement of the tombs of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), so that mass could be celebrated directly over their bodies; his dedication of the church of Agatha, (virgin and martyr of Catania, S00794); and his burial at St Peter's, perhaps on 12 March; all in Rome.
E01629	The short Life of Theodorus (bishop of Rome, ob. 649, S00856) in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome soon after his death, records his transfer of the bodies of Primus and Felicianus (martyrs of Rome, S00855) from the via Nomentana outside Rome to the intramural church of Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), and his gifts there; the building of a church of Valentinus (priest and martyr of Rome, S00433) on the via Flaminia to the north of Rome; and oratories dedicated to Sebastianus (martyr of Rome, S00400) at the Lateran, and Euplus (martyr of Catania, S00207) outside the gate of St Paul (the Apostle, S00008). It also refers to the church of Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) 'at the Crib' [= S. Maria Maggiore], and to Theodorus' burial at St. *Peter's (the Apostle, S00036) on 14 May.
E01643	The short Life of Vitalianus, bishop of Rome (ob. 672, 00682) in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome soon after his death, describes the visit to Rome in 663 of the emperor Constans II: he visited the churches of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), making gifts at each, and processing with his army on a Sunday to St Peter's; also mentioned are Constans' removal to Constantinople of the bronze tiles of the church of St Mary 'ad Martyres' (the Pantheon), and Vitalianus' burial at St Peter's on 27 January.
E01656	The short Life of Donus (bishop of Rome, ob. 678, 00869) in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome, soon after his death, lists his work in suburban churches of Rome: paving of the atrium of the basilica of Peter (the Apostle, S00036); restoration of a church of the Apostles, probably Peter and Paul (S00008), on the via Ostiensis; the dedication of a church of Euphemia (martyr of Chalcedon, S00017) on the via Appia; as well as Donus' burial at St Peter's on 11 April.
E01664	The short Life of Agatho (bishop of Rome, ob. 681, 00872) in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome soon after his death, mentions his offerings at the churches of the Apostles, presumably the basilcas of Peter (S00036) and of Paul (S00008), and at the church of Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) 'at the Crib', and his burial at St Peter's on 10 January.
E01678	The short Life of Leo II (bishop of Rome, ob. 683, S00875) in the Liber Pontificalis, written in Latin in Rome soon after his death, records his building of a church of Paul (the Apostle, S00008), close to the church of Bibiana (martyr of Rome under the emperor Julian, S00728); his translation there of the bodies of the martyrs Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrix (martyrs of Rome, S00886); and his burial at the church of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) on 3 July. Some manuscripts also attribute to Leo II the building of the church of Sebastianus (martyr of Rome, S00400) and *George (soldier and martyr, S00259) at the Velabro.
E01685	Greek dedicatory inscriptions to Sergios (soldier and martyr of Rusafa, S00023), and busts of: Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and the Apostles Peter (S00036), and Paul (S00008), engraved on the paten and a chalice from the silver treasure of the Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio). Provenance: a village of 'Beth Misôna' in Syria. Probably 6th c.
E01749	Gregory of Nyssa in his Encomion On Theodoros (soldier and martyr of Amaseia and Euchaita, S00480), of the 380s, invokes the protection of the saint for the local community against a barbarian invasion. He thanks him for repelling a past attack and urges him to invite other saints to his supplication on behalf of the area, especially the Apostles Peter (S00036), Paul (S00008), and John (S00042). Written in Greek in Pontus (northern Asia Minor).
E01808	Gregory of Nyssa composes his Encomium on Basil (bishop of Caesarea, ob. 379, S00780), which he delivers during the saint’s festival on 1 January. Basil’s memory is added to a series of major feasts, namely Christmas, Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), and the Apostles Peter (S00036), James (S00108),John (S00042), and Paul (S00008). The author argues that Basil deserves to be honoured after these figures. He mentions miracles during Basil’s life. Written in Greek in Cappadocia (central Asia Minor), in the 380s.
E01816	Greek inscription on a lintel, invoking the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), probably to protect a house. Found at Rouweiha between Antioch on the Orontes and Apamea on the Orontes. Probably the 5th-6th c.
E01831	Gregory of Nyssa in his Second Encomium on Stephen the First Martyr (S00030), written in 386, refers to the feasts of Stephen, and of the Apostles Peter (S00036), James (S00108), and John (S00042), probably celebrated on 26 and 27 December. Composed in Greek in Cappadocia (central Asia Minor).
E01873	Greek inscription on a lintel, with the names of the Apostles Paul (S00008) and Peter (S00036). Found at Ḥarāke, near Apamea on the Orontes (central Syria). Probably late antique.
E01895	Greek building inscription for a tower (pyrgos), probably recorded as built through the intercession of Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), unnamed Archangels, and unnamed *Apostles. Found at eṭ-Ṭayyibe near Apamea on the Orontes and Ḥamāh/Amathe (central Syria). Probably 5th-7th c.
E01904	Gregory of Nazianzus in his Oration 4 (Against Julian I), of 362/363, refers to the deaths of martyrs, naming the Apostles John (S00042), Peter (S00036), Paul (S00008), and James (S00108), Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), Luke (the Evangelist, S00442), Andrew (the Apostle, S00288), and Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092). He refers to the festivals held in their honour and the miracles effected by their bodily remains. Written in Greek at Nazianzus (central Asia Minor).
E01924	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon in Carthage (central North Africa), at the altar of Cyprian (bishop and martyr of Carthage, S00411); he mentions the joint feast of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036, and S00008). Sermon 8, delivered in Latin, possibly in 411.
E01943	The Syriac Acts of Sharbel (martyr of Edessa, E01890) recounts a failed attempt to remove the relics of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008) from the city of Rome; written in Edessa during the 5th c.
E02011	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (1.25), mentions several 1st, 2nd, and 3rd c. martyrs, namely Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), James ('the brother of the Lord', S00058), Mark (the Evangelist, S00293), Stephen (the first martyr, S00030), Clemens/Clement (bishop of Rome, martyr of the Crimea, S00111), Symeon (bishop and martyr of Jerusalem, S01139), Ignatios, (bishop of Antioch and martyr of Rome, S00649), Iustinus (philosopher and martyr of Rome, S01140), Polycarp (bishop and martyr of Smyrna, S00004), Cornelius (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00172), and Cyprian (bishop and martyr of Carthage, S00411). Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 575/594.
E02021	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (2.6), describes the miraculous survival of an oratory in Metz (eastern Gaul) with relics of Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), when the city was burnt by the Huns in 451. In a vision, Stephen is seen seeking the help of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008), to save the whole city, or at least his oratory. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 575/594.
E02022	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (2.7), recounts a story, set in the mid 5th c., of a man seeing a vision in the church in Rome of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), in which two men, almost certainly Peter and his companion the Apostle Paul (S00008), promise to protect the general Aetius in response to his wife's prayers. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 575/594.
E02023	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (2.14), records how Perpetuus, bishop of Tours (c. 458-489), built a large new church over the tomb of Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, 00050), because of the success of his cult; and used part of the old chapel for a new church of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008). Gregory stresses the importance of 4 July as a threefold feast: the day of Martin's ordination as bishop of Tours, of the dedication of the new church, and of the translation into it of the saint's body; 11 November is the feast of Martin's death. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 575/594.
E02033	The Latin Martyrdom of Nereus, Achilleus and Companions (martyrs of Rome and central Italy, S00403) narrates the decision of the niece of the emperor Domitian, Domitilla (persecuted noblewoman of Rome, late 1st c., S02419) to embrace virginity, her exile to the island of Ponza with her eunuch slaves Nereus and Achilleus; the struggle of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) with Simon Magus; the martyrdom and burial of a number of saints: Felicula, Nicomedes, and Nereus and Achilleus in Rome; Eutyches, Victorinus and Maro on the via Nomentana and via Salaria north-east of Rome; Sulpitius and Servilianus on the via Latina, south-east of the city; Domitilla, with her companions, Euphrosyna and Theodora, in Terracina. Written presumably in Rome, of uncertain late antique date.
E02053	Floor-mosaic with a Greek inscription commemorating the completion and paving of a church (naos) dedicated to *Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Found at Riḥāb, between Bostra and Gerasa/Jerash (Jordan/the Roman province of Arabia). Dated 596.
E02100	Orosius, in his Seven Books of History against the Pagans (7.39), recounts that during the sack of Rome in 410 the Goths respected the sanctuary of the basilicas of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and transferred sacred vessels for safe keeping to the basilica of Peter. Written in Latin, possibly in North Africa, c. 416/418.
E02169	Greek list of Erica wood purchases from Buto in the area of Memphis (Middle Egypt), mentioning a monastery of Serenos/Sirenos (possibly the saint with martyr shrine at Oxyrhynchos, S00134), presumably a church of Apa Apollo (possibly the monk and monastic founder, S00774), and of *Paul (possibly the Apostle, S00008); datable to the 7th century.
E02179	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (6.6), describes miracles effected by Hospicius (ascetic and recluse near Nice, ob. 581, S01178). In c. 574, he foretells the coming of Lombard invaders to Nice (southern Gaul), warns its residents, then faces down the soldiers. He cures several people: a deaf and dumb man from Angers (in north-west Gaul), who was travelling to Rome to seek a cure from the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) and from Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037) and the other martyrs of the city; a blind man called Dominicus; two women possessed by demons. Hospicius predicts his own death. Gregory has heard that Hospicius' Life had been written by many authors. The man from Angers, whom Gregory met and talked with, was travelling to Rome with a deacon who planned to collect relics of the Apostles and other saints. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 581/594.
E02197	Calendar of the Church of Carthage (central North Africa) lists saints whose liturgical commemorations were celebrated in June. Written in Latin in Carthage, probably between 505 and 535.
E02218	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of Fructuosus, Augurius and Eulogius (martyrs of Tarragona, S00496), at the memorial shrine of Theogenes (martyr and probably bishop of Hippo, S01133) in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), and refers to the reading of their Martyrdom. He emphasises that, though martyrs like these, as well as *Agnes (virgin and martyr of Rome, S00097), are superior to pagan heroes, they are honoured, not worshipped by Christians. Sermo 273, delivered in Latin at Hippo, between 391 and 430.
E02248	Isidore, bishop of Seville in his De ecclesiasticis officiis explains the role of the cult of the martyrs in the doctrine of the Church, warning that the martyrs should not receive honours that are due only to God; written in Latin in Seville (south-west Hispania), in 598/636.
E02282	Sozomen, in his Ecclesiastical History (7.10), reports that the remains of Paulos (bishop of Constantinople, ob. 350s, S01500) were brought from Anatolia to Constantinople in 381, and buried in a church that then bore his name. At the same time, the body of Meletios (bishop of Antioch, S01192) was ceremoniously taken from Constantinople to Antioch and buried next to the tomb of *Babylas (bishop and martyr of Antioch, S00061). Written in Greek at Constantinople, 439/450.
E02331	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (9.6), tells of the appearance in Tours in 587 of Desiderius, a false holy man. He pretended to work miracles, attracting many who sought to be cured, and claimed to be greater than Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050) and equal to the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008). He is accused of necromancy and expelled from the city. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 587/594.
E02340	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the eve of the feast of the nativity of John the Baptist (S00020), referring also to the forthcoming feast of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008). Sermon 279, delivered in Latin, possibly in Carthage (central North Africa) in 401.
E02366	Floor-mosaics with Greek inscriptions with poems commemorating the construction of a church dedicated to the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and two stone reliquaries. Found at Gerasa/Jerash (Roman province of Arabia). Probably mid-6th or early 7th c.
E02392	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (10.31), gives the list of fasts and vigils instituted by Perpetuus, the sixth bishop of Tours (bishop 460-490), in the churches of Tours (most frequently in that of *Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050)), the majority associated with the commemoration of saints, both local and international. These fasts and vigils were still being held in Gregory of Tours' times. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 591/594.
E02427	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (10.31), recounts how Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050) effected miracles during his lifetime and after his death: he raised three men. He translated the body of Gatianus (first bishop of Tours, S01175) and placed it beside the tomb of Litorius (bishop of Tours, ob. 370/371, S01214) in the church of Litorius in Tours. He built the church of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008) at the monastery of Marmoutier in the Touraine. Sulpiciius Severus wrote his Life and many miracles happen at his grave. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 591/594.
E02505	The Latin Martyrdom of Processus and Martinianus (martyrs of Rome, buried on the via Aurelia, S00556), narrates the imprisonment of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and *Paul (S00008) in Rome under Nero, where they perform miracles and convert many, including Processus and Martinianus, who then free the Apostles; the torture and martyrdom of Processus and Martinianus, and their burial by Lucina on her estate on the via Aurelia. Written presumably in Rome, perhaps in the first half of the 6th c.
E02512	The Latin Martyrdom of Sebastianus and Companions, perhaps by Arnobius the Younger, narrates the martyrdom of Sebastianus (martyr of Rome, S00400) and his companions: the priest Polycarpus; Marcellianus and Marcus (twin brothers, deacons and martyrs of Rome, S01401); their parents, Tranquillinus and Marcia (martyrs of Rome, S02747); the primiscrinius Nicostratus, his wife Zoe (martyr of Rome, S02747) and brother Castorius; the commentariensis Claudius, his wife Symphorosa (martyr of Rome, S02747), his brother Victorinus and son Symphorianus; Tiburtius (son of the prefect Chromatius, martyr of Rome, S01404); and Castulus (martyr of Rome, S01405). Tiburtius is buried at the third milestone of the via Labicana; Marcellianus and Marcus at the second milestone of the via Appia in the place called ad arenas, Sebastianus at the Catacumbas cemetery, in a crypt commemorating the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written presumably in Rome, probably in the 5th c.
E02540	John Chrysostom, in his homily Against Games and Theatres, of 399, tells how the city sought the help of the Apostles Peter (S00036), Andrew (S00288), Paul (S00008), and Timothy (S00466), at the shrine of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, after damaging rainfall; he also mentions a feast of thanksgiving, when the rains abated, held at a shrine of the Apostles Peter and Paul across the sea, probably the shrine of Rufinianae. Written in Greek at Constantinople.
E02566	Greek graffito on a roof tile, with an invocation of Paulos (probably the Apostle, S00008, but perhaps another saintly Paulos) and Germanos (possibly the martyr of Caesarea of Palestine, S00195) on behalf of the circus faction of the Blues; a fragmentary dedicatory inscription to a saint whose name is lost; and a reliquary. All found in the so-called 'Church of St. Paul' at Umm er-Rasas/Kastron Mefaa, to the southeast of Madaba (Roman province of Arabia). Probably late 6th or 7th c.
E02588	Copper ring with a labelled depiction of *Paul the Apostle (S00008). Found at Umm er-Rasas/Kastron Mefaa, to the southeast of Madaba (Roman province of Arabia). Probably 7th-8th c.
E02589	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Sermon 295, delivered in Latin, probably in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), possibly in 405/410.
E02596	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), addressing the question of why the memorial shrines (memoriae) of these apostles, of *Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037), and of other martyrs did not save Rome from being captured by its enemies in 410. Sermon 296, delivered in Latin, probably in Carthage (central North Africa) in 411.
E02605	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), explaining why the martyrs are greater than other people. Sermon 297, delivered in Latin at an unknown city of central North Africa, possibly Hippo Regius (Numidia), in 416/420.
E02613	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), expressing his disappointment that it is less well attended by the faithful that those of other martyrs. Sermon 298, delivered in Latin in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), possibly in 426/430.
E02615	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Sermon 299, delivered in Latin, possibly in Carthage (central North Africa) in 418.
E02622	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Sermon 299B, delivered in Latin, possibly in Hippo (Numidia, central North Africa), sometime between 391 and 430.
E02626	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Sermon Dolbeau 4, delivered in Latin, probably in Carthage or Hippo Regius (both central North Africa), possibly in 403/406.
E02627	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Sermon 299C, delivered in Latin, possibly in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa) in 412.
E02654	Floor-mosaic with a fragmentary Greek inscription commemorating the paving of a church (naos) probably dedicated to a saint whose name is lost. Found at Riḥāb, between Bostra and Gerasa/Jerash (Roman province of Arabia). Probably 7th c.
E02729	Sozomen, in his Ecclesiastical History (8.17), mentions the shrine and monastery of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), founded by the patrician Rufinus (ob. 395), on his estate near Chalcedon (north-west Asia Minor, near Constantinople). In 403, it became the venue of the Council of the Oak, and resting place of the Egyptian ascetic Ammonios (ascetic of Kellia, ob. 403, S01263), companion of the ascetic and bishop Dioskoros (S01264), who was buried at the shrine of *Mokios (martyr of Byzantion, S01265) in Constantinople. Written in Greek at Constantinople, 439/450.
E02840	Clay bread-stamp with Greek inscription invoking the blessing of Paul (probably the Apostle, S00008), or of one of two martyrs of Caesarea (Paulos, S00164, or Paulos from Yamnia, a companion of Pamphilos, S00140). Found in Caesarea Maritima (Roman province of Palaestina I), at the site of the presumed 'chapel of St. Paul'. Probably 5th-6th c.
E02844	Pottery fragment with a fragmentary Greek graffito just possibly referring to *Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Found in Caesarea Maritima (Roman province of Palaestina I), at the site of the presumed 'chapel of St. Paul'. Probably 5th-6th c.
E02853	A complex of warehouses, excavated to the north of the praetorium in Caesarea Maritima (Roman province of Palaestina I), was richly decorated with religious wall paintings showing Christ with the Apostles (S00084), and probably the Three Egyptian martyrs: Ares/Aretas, Promos, and Elias (S00196), and Philemon (martyr of Antinoopolis, Egypt, S00386). Finds of small objects and the biblical background suggest the existence of a shrine of Paul the Apostle (S00008) at the site in the 6th/7th c.
E02952	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 21 January the dedication of a church or monastery of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and/or Paul (the Apostle, S00008).
E03126	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 30 April *Paul (the Apostle, S00008).
E03136	The Eighth Council of Toledo (central Hispania) in 653 is held in the church of the Apostles Peter and Paul (00036 and S00008) according to the Latin acts of the council.
E03146	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 9 May, at the Church of the Apostles in Jerusalem, the deposition of relics of the Apostles Peter (S00036), Thomas (S00199) and John (S00042), of John the Baptist (S00020), Isaiah (Old Testament Prophet, S00280), Theodore (soldier and martyr of Amaseia and Euchaita, S00480), Claudian (unidentified figure), *Tryphon (possibly the martyr of Nicaea, S00439).
E03210	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 29 June the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008).
E03229	The Latin Acts of *Sylvester (bishop of Rome, 00397) narrate episodes of the life of Sylvester, in particular highlighting his role in the conversion and baptism of the emperor Constantine. Written in a number of versions, the earliest by the 5th c. Later translated into Greek, Syriac and Armenian.
E03255	The Latin Life of Pastor (priest and martyr of Rome, S01842) narrates that Pastor, priest and disciple of the apostle Paul (S00008), together with Timotheus (presumably the disciple of Paul, S00466), is the dedicatee of a church (titulus pastoris) near the vicus Laterici in Rome built by the senator Pudens, where he is buried. He took care of the burial of several saints, among whom the virgins Praxedes and *Pudentiana (martyrs of Rome, S00591 and S00142), whose Lives he also wrote. Written presumably in Rome, at an uncertain date, by the 12th-13th c. at the latest.
E03258	The Lives of the Fathers of Mérida (2), tells how an unnamed monk of the monastery of Cauliana near Mérida (south-west Spain), who was a drunkard and glutton, reforms; dying soon afterwards, he is confident he will be greeted in heaven by the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and by *Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037); fifteen years later his tomb is found, it smells sweetly and the body inside is uncorrupted. Written in Latin in Mérida, 633/660.
E03355	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 19 August *Paul (the Apostle, S00008).
E03382	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 22 September the deposition of the relics of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008).
E03390	The early seventh-century Georgian version of the Lectionary of Jerusalem commemorates on 2 October the Apostles Peter (S00036), Paul (S00008), Thomas (S00199), Philip (S00109), and Andrew (S00288), Isaiah (Old Testament prophet, S00282), Zechariah (Old Testament prophet, S00283), Mamas (martyr of Kaisareia/Caesarea in Cappadocia, S00436), Theodore (soldier and martyr and Amaseia and Euchaita, S00480) and Christophoros (martyr of Pamphylia, S00616), Sergios (soldier and martyr of Rusafa, S00023), Pantaleon (martyr of Nicomedia, S00596).
E03501	Theodoret of Cyrrhus in his Cure for Greek Maladies refers to the veneration of relics, the dedication of offerings for healing, the naming of children after martyrs, the replacement of pagan temples by shrines of martyrs, and the festivals of the Apostles Peter (S00036), Paul (S00008), and Thomas (S00199), and of the martyrs Sergios (soldier and martyr of Rusafa, S00023), Markellos (martyr of Apameia on the Orontes, S01456), Leontios (probably the martyr of Tripolis, Phoenicia, S00216), Antoninos, and Maurikios (martyr of Apameia, S01437). Written in Greek in the 420s, at the monastery of Nikerte near Apamea on the Orontes or in Cyrrhus (both north Syria).
E03597	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon at the feast of Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), referring to miracles which occur at his relics and asking both Stephen and Paul (the Apostle S00008) for intercession. Sermon 316, delivered in Latin, probably in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), 425/430.
E03603	Floor mosaics with Greek inscriptions from the basilica at Tell Aar, c. 40 km to the northwest of Ḥamāh/Epiphaneia (Roman province of Syria II, probably within the bishopric of Apamea), commemorating the paving of a church, termed ekklesia, in 375/376, and the restoration of the same sanctuary in 434/435, this time termed a shrine of the *Apostle(s), Apostoleion.
E03725	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 30 April Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Basiliskos and Eutropios (martyrs of Pontus, S00388 and S01152), *James (the Apostle, son of Zebedee, S00108).
E03734	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 9 May the deposition of relics of the Apostles Peter (S00036), Paul (00008), Philip (S00109), Thomas (S00199), of John the Baptist (S00020), Isaiah (Old Testament Prophet, S00280), martyrs Theodore (possibly soldier and martyr of Amaseia and Euchaita, S00480), or a group of martyrs: Diodoros, Claudianus, Tryphaines, Nikephoros and their companions.
E03783	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 27 June Tarachos, Probos and Andronikos (martyrs in Anazarbos, Cilicia, S00710), and Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and Sampson (the Xenodochos, priest in Constantinople, S01666), and Kyrillos/Cyril (bishop of Alexandria, S00874).
E03784	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 28 June probably Habbakuk (Old testament prophet, S01268), Kyros and Ioannes/Cyrus and John (physician and soldier, martyrs of Egypt, S00406) and their companion martyred women (S00167), and the Apostles *Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008).
E03785	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 29 June, in the church of the Holy Anastasis, the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008).
E03789	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 3 July Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Thomas (the Apostle, S00199), and Hyacinthus (martyr of Rome under Trajan, S01609).
E03792	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 6 July Isaiah (Old Testament prophet, S00282), Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and *Paul (the Apostle, S00008), 'Martheno' an unidentified figure or a heavily garbled name, and an unidentified 'monk John'.
E03837	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 19 August Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and Andreas Stratelates (martyr under Maximianus in early 4th c., S00763).
E03873	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 22 September Hesychios (saint with church in Jerusalem mentioned c. 570, priest in 5th c Jerusalem?, S00261), the deposition of the relics of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Isaiah (Old Testament prophet, S00282), George (soldier and martyr, S00259), Thyrsos (martyr of Bithynia, S00612), and *Phokas (martyr of Antioch, S00413).
E03972	The Church Calendar of Ioane Zosime, compiled in Georgian in the 10th c., based however on 5th-7th c. prototypes from Palestine, commemorates on 28 December Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and Peter (the Apostle, S00036), John (Apostle and Evangelist, S00042), Theodore (patriarch of Constantinople, ob. 687), and the massacre of the Martyrs of Sinai and Raithou (monks killed by Arab and Blemmyes raiders, S01620).
E04009	Augustine of Hippo preaches a sermon on the feast of the *Twenty Martyrs (of Hippo, including bishop Fidentius, Victoria and Valeria, S00703). He emphasises that it is the rightness of the cause, not the suffering itself, which makes a martyr, and presents the local saints as examples which are easier to follow than Christ or the Apostles. Sermon 325, delivered in Latin in Hippo Regius (Numidia, central North Africa), possibly in 400/410.
E04110	Gregory of Tours, in his Miracles of Martin (4.12), recounts how a blind woman of Ternay in the territory of Le Mans (north-west Gaul) prayed to Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050) in an oratory where relics of the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008) were placed, and was healed there by Martin; AD 589. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 589/594.
E04274	Prudentius writes Crowns of the Martyrs XII, a poem on the martyrdom of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008); the poem is cast as a conversation between the poet and a citizen of Rome on the saints' feast day, in which the interlocutor of Prudentius tells the story of the martyrdom of the Apostles and describes the places of their burial. Written in Latin in Calahorra (northern Spain), c. 400. Overview of Peristephanon XII.
E04275	Prudentius, in his poem (Crowns of the Martyrs XII) on the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), tells of people gathering joyfully in Rome for their feast. Written in Latin in Calahorra (northern Spain), c. 400.
E04332	Procopius of Caesarea, in his On Buildings, reports that the emperor Justinian (r. 527-565) built the first church in Constantinople of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), in around 519, as well as the church of Sergios and Bakchos (soldiers and martyrs of Rusafa and Barbalissos, S00023 and S00079), both at the palace of Hormisdas. Written in Greek at Constantinople, in the 550s.
E04350	Prudentius, in his poem (Crowns of the Martyrs XII) on the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), describes their basilicas in Rome and mentions the custom of visiting both of them on the day of their feast. Written in Latin in Calahorra (northern Spain), c. 400.
E04351	Prudentius, in his poem (Crowns of the Martyrs XII) on the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), tells that on the feast of the saints the bishop of Rome celebrates mass in both basilicas. Written in Latin in Calahorra (northern Spain), c. 400.
E04457	Gregory the Great, in his Dialogues, recounts a number of miraculous stories, and considers the nature of miracles. Written in Latin in Rome, c. 593.
E04500	Gregory the Great, in his Dialogues (3.29), describes how an Arian bishop was struck blind when he attempted to celebrate his services in the church of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) in Spoleto (central Italy). Written in Latin in Rome, c. 593.
E04532	Greek inscription commemorating the restoration of a floor-mosaic 'to the glory (doxa) of God and honour (time)' of an unnamed Apostle. Possibly mentioning a shrine termed an Apostoleion, repaved through the intercession of that Apostle. Found at Seleukeia/Seleucia Pieria near Antioch on the Orontes (north Syria). Dated 564.
E04547	A sermon, attributed to Augustine of Hippo, on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), explains that they died on the same day, but not in the same year. Sermon 381, in Latin; if authentic, preached in an unknown city of central North Africa, sometime between 391 and 430.
E04572	Greek inscriptions on a water basin, recording the names of Paul (probably the Apostle, S00008), and Gregorios (possibly Gregory of Nazianzus, S00837). Found at Antioch of Pisidia (west central Asia Minor). Probably 7th c. or later.
E04597	Gregory the Great, in his Dialogues (4.12), describes a deathbed vision experienced by a priest of Nursia (central Italy) of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin in Rome, c. 593.
E04622	The 6th/7th c. recension of the Latin Martyrologium Hieronymianum, as transmitted in 8th c. manuscripts, records the feasts of a number of saints on 25 January.
E04639	Encomion in Coptic on the Apostles (S02422 and S00084) with an emphasis on Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and including an account of the life and martyrdom of Mark (the Evangelist, S00293), from the monastery of the Archangel Michael near Hamouli in the Fayum (Lower Egypt), attributed to Severianos of Gabala and delivered on their feast day (29 June) at a sanctuary of the Apostles in a cemetery of an unnamed city; if by Severianos, originally delivered in Greek in the late 4th/early 5th century, probably in Constantinople.
E04657	Paulinus of Nola, in a metrical letter (Carmen 24) addressed to Cyntherius, an Aquitanian aristocrat in c. 400, describes two miraculous escapes experienced by a messenger from southern Gaul to Nola: one, effected by Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and involving a copy of his Epistles, and one by Felix (priest and confessor of Nola, S00000). Written in Latin at Nola (southern Italy).
E04741	Paulinus of Nola composes fourteen poems (the Natalicia) to be delivered at Nola/Cimitile (southern Italy) on the feast day of *Felix (priest and confessor of Nola, S00000). They include an account of Felix’s life, and descriptions of devotion to Felix, focusing on his feast day (14 January), miracles effected by the saint, and the expansion of Felix’s shrine which took place under Paulinus. Written in Latin, in Spain and later Nola, between 395 and 408. Overview entry.
E04767	Paulinus of Nola, in many of his fourteen poems (the Natalicia) written in honour of *Felix (priest and confessor of Nola, S00000), identifies Felix as the special protector (patronus) of Nola (southern Italy); the similar role of other saints, in other regions, is detailed in Natalicium 11. Written in Latin, in Spain and later Nola, between 395 and 408.
E04798	Latin epitaph for a woman with labelled paintings of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008). Found in a cemetery on the via Ardeatina, Rome. Probably late 4th c.
E04865	The 6th/7th c. recension of the Latin Martyrologium Hieronymianum, as transmitted in 8th c. manuscripts, records the feasts of a number of saints on 28 June.
E04866	The 6th/7th c. recension of the Latin Martyrologium Hieronymianum, as transmitted in 8th c. manuscripts, records the feasts of a number of saints on 29 June.
E05029	Greek inscription commemorating the construction of a church (hieron, naos), just possibly dedicated to the Apostle *Paul (S00008). Found at Amida, Roman province of Mesopotamia. Dated probably 437/438.
E05069	The 6th/7th c. recension of the Latin Martyrologium Hieronymianum, as transmitted in 8th c. manuscripts, records the feasts of a number of saints on 30 December.
E05087	Latin and Greek graffiti invoking the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008). Found at the Memoria Apostolorum at the cemetery ad Catacumbas, under the church of S. Sebastiano on the via Appia, Rome. Probably mid-3rd c. - early 4th c.
E05094	Paulinus of Nola, in various letters written between 399 and 408, states that he regularly visits Rome to venerate the apostles and martyrs; initially these visits took place on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) in June; later he made them shortly after Easter. Written in Latin at Nola (southern Italy) and Rome.
E05108	Fragmentary Latin epitaph for a woman ‘united with saints’, probably recording a burial ad sanctos. Found at the cemetery ‘ad Catacumbas’, near the church of S. Sebastiano/Basilica Apostolorum, via Appia, Rome. Probably second half of the 4th c.
E05109	Latin epitaph invoking protection for the deceased of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008) as martyrs, not apostles. Found near the church of S. Sebastiano/Basilica Apostolorum at the Cemetery 'ad Catacumbas', via Appia, Rome. Probably 4th c.
E05132	Paulinus of Nola, in one of his poems (Natalicium 11), describes the translation to Constantinople of the relics of Timothy (the disciple of Paul, S00466) and Andrew (the Apostle, S00288), attributing this to a desire by Constantine to provide the city with protectors as great as those of Rome; the poem also tells how, at this time, small fragments of these relics were detached and distributed; some are housed and venerated at the shrine of *Felix (priest and confessor of Nola, S00000) at Cimitile/Nola (southern Italy). Written in Latin at Nola, c. 405.
E05169	The Latin Calendar of Sinai records the feasts of saints through the year, followed by a list of the apostles to various regions of Christianity. Written possibly in North Africa, possibly in the 7th/8th c.; preserved in a manuscript, probably of the 9th c., in St Catherine's monastery, Sinai. Basic Entry.
E05192	Coptic Encomion on Apa Apollo (S01968), Pachomian monk and founder of the monastery of Isaak (S00276), presumably located near Herakleopolis Magna (Middle Egypt), attributed to Stephanos, bishop of Herakleopolis Magna, and presented on Apollo’s day of commemoration, relating the saint’s ascetic life as a monk in the Pachomian monastery at Pbow, his virtues and great humility, his wanderings, as well as his founding of the monastery of Isaak, his prophetic gift and numerous miracles performed during his lifetime as well as posthumously; written presumably in the later 6th c.
E05217	Hymn (Apostolorum passio), almost certainly by Ambrose of Milan, for the feast day of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin in Milan (northern Italy), probably after 386.
E05246	Painting on the vault of a cubiculum, showing Christ flanked by the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) in the upper register, and, in the lower register, four martyrs labelled with painted Latin inscriptions: Gorgonius (martyr of Rome, S00576), Marcellinus and Petrus (martyrs of Rome, S00577), and *Tiburtius (son of the prefect Chromatius and martyr of Rome, S01404), flanking the Lamb of God. Found in the cemetery inter duas lauros /ad Sanctos Marcellinum et Petrum, via Labicana, Rome. Probably 5th c.
E05283	The Greek Life of *Theodoros (ascetic and abbot of Sykeon, ob. 613, S01619), by Eleusios-Georgios of Sykeon, mentions several shrines and festivals of saints at Sykeon and other places in Anatolia, the Holy Land, and Constantinople. Written at Sykeon (central Asia Minor), in the 640s.
E05292	Mosaic on the triumphal arch of the church of S. Lorenzo fuori le mura on the via Tiburtina, Rome, with Christ flanked by the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), who are in turn flanked by Laurence/Laurentius (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037), presenting to Christ Pope Pelagius II holding a model of the basilica, and Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030) presenting *Hippolytus (martyr of Rome, S00509). 579/590.
E05316	Maximus of Turin preaches four sermons (Sermons 1, 2, 9 and 110) for the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Delivered in Latin in Turin (northern Italy), between c. 390 and 408/423.
E05317	Maximus of Turin, in a sermon (Sermon 3), rebukes his congregation in Turin (northern Italy) for their poor attendance at the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Delivered in Latin between c. 390 and 408/423.
E05339	Gaudentius of Brescia preaches a sermon (Sermon 20) for the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00009). Delivered in Latin in Milan (northern Italy), before 397.
E05371	The Miracles of Saint Thekla (4) recounts how Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092) overpowered Zeus, drove him from Seleucia ad Calycadnum, and made his temple into a shrine of Paul (the Apostle, S00008); the text mentions the veneration of Paul at Tarsus and Thekla at Seleucia by the citizens of both cities, explains how the saints can help us on earth, and enumerates the many types of miracle that Thekla can bring about. Written in Greek at Seleucia ad Calycadnum (southern Asia Minor) in the 470s.
E05375	Latin epitaph for a boy, decorated with a carving of labelled busts of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008). Found in the cemetery of Hippolytus, via Tiburtina, Rome. Probably 4th c.
E05460	Proclus of Constantinople composes his Homily 18, On *Paul (the Apostle, S00008), which he delivers during a festival in Constantinople. Written in Greek in the early 5th c.
E05478	Pope Pelagius I, in two letters of 556 (Epistolae Arelatenses, 48 and 49), refers to a gift to the Frankish king Childebert I of relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and of other unnamed saints and martyrs (S00518), to be delivered via Bishop Sapaudus of Arles. Written in Latin in Rome.
E05488	Leo the Great composes a Latin sermon (Sermon 82) in Rome in 441 in honour of the feast day of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00009).
E05489	Leo the Great composes a Latin sermon (Sermon 83) in Rome in 443 in honour of the feast day of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00009).
E05490	Leo the Great composes a Latin sermon (Sermon 84) in Rome in 442/3 in which he invokes the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00009) as he rebukes his congregation for their absence from the commemoration of the anniversary of Alaric’s sack of Rome in 410.
E05555	Venantius Fortunatus writes eleven books of Poems in Latin, mainly in western and north-western Gaul, 565/600; many of them with reference to saints. Overview entry.
E05563	Venantius Fortunatus, in a poem (1.2) on the church of *Andrew (the Apostle, S00288) built by Bishop 'Vitalis' of Ravenna, lists the relics housed there. Written in Latin in Ravenna (northern Italy), 545/565.
E05606	Bede, in his Martyrology, records the feast on 22 August of Timotheus (martyr of Rome, buried on the via Ostiensis, S00330), whom Silvester (bishop of Rome, ob. 336, S00397) received as a guest, and who was buried next to *Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Written in Latin at Wearmouth-Jarrow (north-east Britain), 725/731.
E05626	Bede, in his Martyrology, records the feast on 23 September 'in the East' of *Thecla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092). Written in Latin at Wearmouth-Jarrow (north-east Britain), 725/731.
E05639	Venantius Fortunatus, in a poem (2.13) on an oratory built by a certain 'Trasaricus', mentions its relics of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050) and Remigius (bishop of Reims, ob. c. 533, S00456); perhaps in Toul (eastern Gaul), in the mid-6th c. Written in Latin in Gaul, 565/576.
E05643	The Miracles of Saint Thekla (26) recounts how Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092) travels from Seleucia to attend her festival at Dalisandos (also in Isauria). In a similar way, Paul (the Apostle, S00008) is said to travel from Rome to the festival in Tarsos, his hometown. Thekla has also rescued Dalisandos when besieged, having appeared on the nearby peak, dazzling the eyes of the enemies. Written in Greek at Seleucia ad Calycadnum (southern Asia Minor) in the 470s.
E05648	The Miracles of Saint Thekla (29) recounts how Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092) punished with death Marianos, bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, the hometown of Paul (the Apostle, S00008), for preventing the Tarsians from coming to her festival at Seleucia. Written in Greek at Seleucia ad Calycadnum (southern Asia Minor) in the 470s.
E05651	Latin Orationale of the Old Hispanic Liturgy of the 7th c. (Orationale Visigothicum), with prayers used on the feasts of saints in June and July: Adrianos and Natalia (martyr of Nicomedia and his pious wife, S01342), John the Baptist (S00020), Peter the Apostle (S00036), Paul the Apostle (S00008), Iusta and Rufina (martyrs of Seville, S02099), and Cucuphas (martyr of Barcelona, S00502).
E05683	Venantius Fortunatus, in a poem (3.7) about the cathedral of Nantes (north-west Gaul), newly built by bishop Felix, and dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), makes a possible reference to relics of the two apostles, and tells how two parts of the building were dedicated respectively to Hilary (bishop of Poitiers, ob. 367, S00183) and Ferreolus (soldier and martyr of Vienne, S01893). Written in Latin in Gaul, 565/576.
E05790	Agnellus of Ravenna, in his Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis, written in Latin, refers to the foundation and decoration of several churches and monasteria dedicated to Theodore (soldier and martyr of Amaseia and Euchaita, S00480), Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397), Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), and Paul (the Apostle, S00009) in Ravenna (northern Italy). He claims these events took place between 475 and 691. Account written in Ravenna in 830/846.
E05840	The Calendar of Willibrord, in its earliest version, records the feasts of various saints in January. Written in Latin at Echternach, Frisia (north-east Gaul), 703/710.
E05856	The Calendar of Willibrord, in its earliest version, records the feasts of various saints in June. Written in Latin at Echternach, Frisia (north-east Gaul), 703/710.
E05879	An anonymous author compiles the Miracles of Saint Thekla, a collection of miracle stories ascribed to *Thekla (follower of the Apostle Paul, S00092), whose cult was centred in her church at Seleucia ad Calycadnum, Isauria (southern Asia Minor). Written in Greek at Seleucia/Seleukeia in the 470s. Overview entry
E05894	Hesychius of Jerusalem composes his Homily 13, On Peter and Paul (the Apostles, S00036 and S00008), which he preaches during their feast on 28 December in Jerusalem. Written in Greek at Jerusalem, in the early 5th c.
E05912	The will of Desiderius, bishop of Auxerre (ob. 614/627), includes donations to churches and monasteries in and around Auxerre, Sens, Cahors, and Toulouse (in northern and south-west Gaul), dedicated to 16 named saints or pairs of saints. Written in Latin at Auxerre (central Gaul), 605/627.
E05946	The Latin Life of the Jura Fathers recounts how Eugendus (ascetic in the Jura mountains, ob. 512/515, S02182) had a dream-vision of the Apostles: Peter (S00036), Paul (S00008) and Andrew (S00288), and how their relics came to the monastery in Condat; 460/496. Written at Condat in the Jura mountains (modern Saint-Claude in eastern Gaul), 512/525.
E05950	Mosaic roundels on the barrel vaults of the Cappella Arcivescovile of Ravenna (northern Italy), with portrait busts of twelve apostles and twelve martyrs (six female, six male); created 494/520.
E05960	In the Latin Whitby Life of *Gregory the Great (bishop of Rome, ob. 604, S00838), the author notes the lack of miracles attributed to the saint, and theorises on the importance of miracles as proof of sanctity. Written by a monk or nun of Whitby (north-east Britain), 685/714, perhaps 704/14.
E06018	Mosaics in the dome of the Arian Baptistry of Ravenna (northern Italy), depicting the Apostles; late 5th/early 6th c.
E06027	Mosaics in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna (northern Italy) depicting the Apostles and an unlabelled figure, probably either Vincent (deacon and martyr of Zaragoza and Valencia, S00290) or Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S01229); created 425/450.
E06028	A letter of Pope Pelagius II of 586, to Bishop Aunacharius of Auxerre (northern Gaul), sends contact relics (sanctuaria), probably of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin in Rome.
E06042	Pope Vitalianus, in a letter to Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians (northern Britain), states that he is sending him and his wife relics of Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00088), Iohannes and Paulus (martyrs of Rome, S00384), Gregory ('the Great,' bishop of Rome, ob. 604, S00838), and *Pancratius (martyr of Rome, S00307). Written in Latin at Rome, 666/8; recorded by Bede, writing at Wearmouth-Jarrow (north-east Britain), 731.
E06047	Mosaics in San Vitale, Ravenna (northern Italy), depicting Vitalis (martyr of Ravenna, S02826), and busts of the Apostles and *Gervasius and Protasius (brothers and martyrs of Milan, S00313); created c. 549.
E06055	Anonymous sermon ('Eusebius Gallicanus', Sermon 33), on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Preached in Latin in Gaul, probably in the 5th c.
E06060	Adomnán, in his Life of Columba (abbot of Iona, ob. 597, S02167), describes how Columba brought a dead child back to life, thus equalling the prophets Elijah and Elisha (S00217 and S00239] and the apostles Peter (S00036), Paul (S00008) and John (S00042). Written in Latin at Iona, 696/704.
E06095	The will of Bertram/Bertrand, bishop of Le Mans, of 27 March 616, establishes as the bishop's heirs two churches at Le Mans (north-west Gaul), one dedicated to Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033), the other to the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008), which Bertram himself had built; and makes provisions concerning numerous properties across Gaul, including churches associated with various saints, mostly in or around Le Mans. Written in Latin at Le Mans.
E06134	Letter of 386, from the emperors Valentinian II, Theodosius, and Arcadius to the Prefect of Rome (Collectio Avellana 3), concerning the building of the basilica of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) outside Rome (San Paolo fuori le mura). Written in Latin.
E06224	An authentic Merovingian royal diploma records the gift of the forest of Cormeilles by Childebert III, king of the Franks, to the women's monastery at Argenteuil (northern Gaul) dedicated to Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), the Apostles Peter (S00036) and *Paul (S00008) and other unnamed saints. Written in Latin, probably at Compiègne (northern Gaul), 697.
E06225	An authentic Merovingian royal diploma records the foundation and endowment by Sigebert III, king of the Franks, of the monastery at Cugnon-sur-Semois (north-east Gaul) dedicated to the Apostle Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and John (probably the Baptist, S00020), and other unnamed martyrs (S00066). Written in Latin in Gaul, 643/8.
E06226	Two authentic Merovingian royal diplomas record the foundation and endowment by Sigebert III, king of the Franks, of the monasteries at Stavelot and Malmedy (north-east Gaul), which hold relics of, Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), John (probably the Baptist, S00020), Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050), and other unnamed saints; and their later confirmation by Theuderic III, king of the Franks; in this confirmation the monasteries are recorded as being in honour of *Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), of the apostles Peter and Paul, and other unnamed saints. Written in Latin in Gaul, 643/7 and 679/91.
E06227	A substantially authentic Merovingian royal diploma records the immunity confirmed by Clovis III, king of the Franks, to the monastery at Sithiu (now Saint-Bertin) (north-east Gaul) dedicated to Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), the Apostles Peter (S00036) and *Paul (S00008), and other unnamed saints. Written in Latin in Gaul, 692.
E06228	A substantially authentic Merovingian royal diploma records the immunity confirmed by Theuderic III, king of the Franks, to the monastery at Montier-en-Der (north-east Gaul) dedicated to the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), and other unnamed saints. Written in Latin, probably at Compiègne (north-east Gaul), 685.
E06233	The Formulary of Marculf includes a template for a letter of recommendation for a pilgrim heading to Rome to visit the shrines of the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008). Written in Latin in Gaul, probably c. 650/730.
E06245	Venantius Fortunatus, in a poem on virginity (8.3), when describing the court of heaven lists numerous saints with the cities of their resting-place. Written in Latin in Gaul, probably in the early 570s.
E06246	Ten episcopal charters of debated authenticity, granting privileges of immunity to monasteries, record various dedications to saints at monastic churches in Gaul. Some of the charters note among their precedents the special privileges already enjoyed by the church at Chalon-sur-Saône dedicated to Marcellus (martyr of Chalon-sur-Saône, S00323) and 'the place of the saints of Agaune' (north-east Gaul), i.e. its monastery dedicated to The Theban Legion (martyrs of Agaune, S00339). Written in Latin in Gaul, 637-92.
E06256	Tírechán, in his Collection, describes how Patrick (missionary and bishop of Ireland, 5th c., S01962) gave Bishop Olcanus relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) and other unnamed saints (S00518), which he wrapped in a veil. Written in Latin in Ireland, probably shortly after c. 668.
E06266	The Latin Life of Lady *Balthild (queen of the Franks, ob. 680, S02359) records the saint's life, death, and one posthumous miracle. Written in Gaul, possibly at the monastery at Chelles (near Paris), 680/690. Overview entry
E06275	The Latin Life of *Audoin, Bishop of Rouen (also known as Dado, ob. 686, S02199) records the saint's life, death, translation and miracles, as well as his journeys to Rome and Cologne to collect the relics of other (unnamed) saints. Written in Gaul, probably in Neustria (northern Gaul/Francia), c. 700.
E06301	Audoin's Life of *Eligius (bishop of Noyon, ob. 660, S02032) records across two books the saint's lay and then episcopal career, his posthumous cult, and many miracles. It provides further evidence for many other cults in 7th-century Gaul. Written in Latin in Gaul, possibly in 660/86, with later additions and emendations.
E06351	Gregory the Great in a papal letter (Register 4.30) of 594, to the Empress Constantina, rejects her request for the head of Paul (the Apostle, S00008) for a church of Paul she was building in the imperial palace in Constantinople, and condemns the 'Greek' practise of disturbing the corporeal relics of the saints; Gregory writes that those who inadvertently opened the grave of Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037) all died soon after, and explains the papal practice of creating cloth contact-relics of the saints (brandea); he sends the empress filings taken from the chains that had once bound Paul. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06370	Gregory the Great in a papal letter (Register 6.50) of 596, to Palladius, bishop of Saintes (western Gaul), discusses a church in Saintes to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036; S00008), and the Roman martyrs Laurence and Pancratius (S00037; S00307), and mentions the despatch of relics of these four saints for altars in the church. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06371	Gregory the Great in a papal letter (Register 6.58) of 596, to Brunhild, queen of the Franks, grants her relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036; S00008), and enjoins her that they be treated with due respect. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06404	Gregory the Great with a papal letter (Register 9.184) of 599, to Constantius, bishop of Milan (northern Italy), sends contact relics (sanctuaria) of Paul (the Apostle, S00008), John (probably the Baptist, S00020) and *Pancratius (martyr of Rome, S00307), and sets out how they should be deposited. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06423	Gregory the Great in a papal letter (Register 11.55) of 601, to Eusebius, bishop of Thessalonike (south Balkans/Greece), mentions a monk who had been an anchorite at a monastery dedicated to *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) in Rome. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06436	Gregory the Great with a papal letter (Register 13.43) of 603, to Eulogius, bishop of Alexandria (Lower Egypt), sends a small cross containing fragments of the chains of the apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008); he encourages Eulogius to place the cross over his eyes, since these relics often effect miracles. Gregory also thanks Eulogius for a gift of relics of *Mark (the Evangelist, S00293). Written in Latin in Rome.
E06443	Gregory the Great in a papal letter (Register 14.14) of 604, to Felix, sub-deacon and governor of the Appian patrimony, details lands which will be used to support the lighting of the church of Paul (the Apostle, S00008), San Paolo fuori le mura; in detailing the locations of these lands, monasteries of Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030) and 'of saint *Aristus' (possibly Hedistus, martyr of Laurentum, S01229), both close to San Paolo, are mentioned. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06450	Gregory the Great with a papal letter (Register, Appendix 10) of 599, to Secundinus, an anchorite, sends images of Christ, Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) and the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008), as well as a cross and a key, the latter probably containing a relic. Written in Latin in Rome.
E06491	Jerome, in his Letter 108, describes how Paula travelled through Palestine in 385/6 and visited: Antipatris, place of imprisonment of Paul (the Apostle, S00008); Lydda/Diospolis, associated with a visit and a healing by Paul; Arimathea, hometown of Joseph of Arimathea (New Testament figure, S01787); Nob, burial-site of Eighty-five priests (killed by Saul in the Old Testament, S02453); Joppa, associated with Jonah (Old Testament Prophet, S01237); and Nicopolis/Emmaus, where Jesus consecrated as a church the house of *Cleopas (pupil of Jesus, S00249). Written in Latin, in Bethlehem, 404.
E06502	The Latin Life of *Wandregisel (founder and abbot of Fontenelle, ob. 668, S02446) recounts the abbot's life, miracles and death; it survives in a near-contemporary manuscript. Written probably at Fontenelle (northern Gaul), 668/c.700
E06549	Aldhelm, in his prose On Virginity, names *Paul (the Apostle, S00008) as an exemplary virgin, and rejects the Revelation of Paul as an apocryphal text. Written in Latin in southern Britain, for the nuns at the monastery at Barking (south-east Britain), c. 675/686.
E06586	The Latin Gelasian Sacramentary (or Liber Sacramentorum Romanae Ecclesiae), probably compiled around 750 near Paris using earlier material from Rome, records prayers to saints on their feast days in June.
E06587	The Latin Gelasian Sacramentary (or Liber Sacramentorum Romanae Ecclesiae), probably compiled around 750 near Paris using earlier material from Rome, records prayers to saints on their feast days in July.
E06595	Sidonius Apollinaris in his Letter 1.5 to Heronius, of 467/470, describes his visit to Rome, where, before entering the city, he visited the churches of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin at Clermont (central Gaul).
E06659	Aldhelm's verse On Virginity lists a range of saints as exemplary virgins, with some variations to the list found in the earlier prose version of the same treatise. Written in Latin in southern Britain, for the nuns at the monastery at Barking (south-east Britain), c. 675/710. Overview entry
E06661	A probably partly authentic papal letter of privilege issued by Pope Sergius I grants special rights to the monastery at Malmesbury dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and to another besides the river Frome (both south-west Britain) dedicated to *John the Baptist (S00036). Written in Latin at Rome, 687/701, probably in 689.
E06788	Latin papyrus preserved in Monza (northern Italy) listing the 'oils of the holy martyrs who in body rest in Rome' brought from Rome for Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, naming many Roman saints. Written at Monza or Rome, 590/604; preserved in its original copy.
E06908	Document of Pope Honorius I granting privileges to the monastery of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) at Bobbio, northern Italy. Written in Latin in Rome in 628.
E06909	The ‘General Decretal’ preserved among the letters of Pope Gelasius I, of 494, states that virgins ought to be consecrated only on certain feast days, including those 'of the Apostles', presumably Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008).
E06916	Aldhelm's poem On the Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul records the dedication of a church to the Apostles Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008), presumably in Britain, perhaps at Malmesbury (south-west Britain). Written in Latin in southern Britain, c. 670/710.
E06920	Aldhelm, in his poem On the Altars of the Twelve Apostles, records the dedication of an altar to *Paul (the Apostle, S00008), presumably in Britain. Written in Latin in southern Britain, c. 670/710.
E06933	The Book of the Angel outlines the privileges of the church at Armagh (north-east Ireland) associated with Patrick (missionary and bishop of Ireland, 5th c., S01962), based in part on the honour due to (its relics of) Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), and Laurence (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037), as well as a relic of the blood of Christ. An addendum delineates the relationship between the churches in Ireland of Patrick and those of Brigit (abbess of Kildare, ob. c. 525, S01885). Written in Latin at Armagh, perhaps as early as c. 640/60.
E06969	A probably partly authentic papal letter of privilege issued by Pope Agatho grants special rights to the monastery outside Canterbury (south-east Britain) dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin at Rome, 678/81.
E06971	A probably partly authentic papal letter of privilege issued by Pope Theodore grants special rights to the monastery at Bobbio (northern Italy) dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin at Rome, 4 May 643.
E06974	A possibly partly authentic papal letter of privilege issued by Pope John IV grants special rights to the monastery at Rebais (north-east Gaul) dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin at Rome, 11 July, 641/2.
E06989	The De Locis Sanctis, a guide to the graves of the martyrs around Rome, lists those on the via Ostiensis, south-west of the city. Written in Latin in Rome, 642/683.
E06992	The De Locis Sanctis, a guide to the graves of the martyrs around Rome, lists those on the via Appia, south of the city. Written in Latin in Rome, 642/683.
E07031	The Greek Life of *Auxibios (follower of the Apostle Mark and first bishop of Soloi, Cyprus, S01377) recounts the life of one of the first bishops of Cyprus and a disciple of the apostle Mark. It provides a foundation narrative for the ecclesiastical community of Soli (Cyprus), and refers to the saint’s tomb which was never opened, and where miracles occur. Written at Soli in the early 7th century.
E07089	Avitus of Vienne in his Letter 50, written to the dux Arigius, explains that he must attend the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) in Vienne and so cannot attend the dedication of a new church built by Arigius, possibly to the same apostles. Written in Latin in Vienne (south-east Gaul), 494/518 (probably shortly after 500).
E07120	The prologue to a work in Latin on computing the date of Easter refers to the martyrdoms of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and Paul (the Apostle, S00008), Augustinus and Felicitas (martyrs of Capua, S01993), Cyprian (bishop and martyr of Carthage, S00411), Marcellinus and Petrus (martyrs of Rome, S00577), Domnius (martyr of Salona, S01002), and Felix (martyr of Salona, S02978). Written in 395, probably in Italy, and known by various titles including the Prologus Paschae ad Vitalem, and the Short Chronicle.
E07141	The Greek Martyrdom of *Paul (martyr and apostle, S02681). Skeleton entry
E07369	Fragmentary Latin inscription referring to relics of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), found in Carthage (central North Africa), probably mid-4th/late 5th c.
E07379	William of Malmesbury, in his On the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury, quotes an inscription recording the dedication of a church at Glastonbury (south-west Britain) to the apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008) during the reign of Ine, king of the West Saxons. Written in Latin at Glastonbury, purportedly 688/726; recorded at Glastonbury or Malmesbury (south-west Britain), c. 1129.
E07387	An inscribed stone records the foundation of the 'basilica' at the monastery of Jarrow (north-east Britain), dedicated to *Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Written in Latin at Jarrow, 23 April 685.
E07429	The Hymn of Secundius praises Patrick (missionary and bishop of Ireland, 5th c.), and equates him with the Apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Latin in Ireland, 450/650.
E07430	Columbanus, in a letter to Pope Boniface IV (608-615), states that the Irish are 'disciples' of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), whose relics have made the bishops (or clergy/people) of Rome 'favoured' (felices). Written in Latin at Milan, 613.
E07486	The Sixteenth Council of Toledo (central Hispania) in 693 is held in the basilica of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), according to the Latin acts of the council.
E07517	Funerary plaque with a carving showing unlabelled figures of Peter (S00036) and Paul (S00008) the Apostles, and Christ in the scene of the traditio legis. Found in the Catacombs of Priscilla on the via Salaria, Rome. Probably late 4th c. [provisional entry]
E07615	Jonas' Lives of Columbanus (monk and missionary in Ireland, Gaul and Italy, ob. 615, S01983) and his Disciples records the life, miracles and death of the saint, followed by accounts of miracles performed through Athala (second abbot of Bobbio (northern Italy), ob. 625/6 S01948), Eustasius (second abbot of Luxeuil (eastern Gaul), ob. 629, S02255) and Bertulf (third abbot of Bobbio, ob. 639, S02828), together with those that took place among the nuns of Faremoutiers (northern Gaul). Written in Latin, possibly at Marchiennes (north-east Gaul), 642/3.
E07696	Sophronius of Jerusalem, in his Miracles of the Saints Cyrus and John (51), recounts how Kyros and Ioannes/Cyrus and John (physician and soldier, martyrs of Egypt, S00406) healed the presbyter Georgios, originally from Tarsus in Cilicia (south-east Asia Minor), from a cataract and delivered him from death during a pestilence, both times at their sanctuary at Menouthis (near Alexandria, Lower Egypt). Sophronius also mentions veneration of Paul (the Apostle, S00008) and *Menas (soldier and martyr buried at Abu Mena, S00073). Written in Greek in Alexandria, 610/615.
E07739	Gregory of Tours, in his Histories (2.5), describes how Aravatius/Servatius (bishop of Tongeren, mid-4th c. [believed by Gregory to have been bishop of Maastricht, mid-5th c.], S01289), travelled to Rome to pray at the shrine of 'the Apostle', probably Peter (the Apostle, S00036) or perhaps *Paul (the Apostle, S00008), that his see would be protected from the Huns. Instead he is told that he will die before the Huns' invasion takes place. Written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 575/594.
E07748	List of relics and diptych from the monastery of the Holy Apostles (S02422) and Martyrs (S02818) at Arles (southern Gaul), giving the names of saints whose relics were deposited in the monastery and the people for whom prayers were to be offered in the liturgy. The list contains the names of all the Apostles, as well as Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), John the Baptist (S00020), and Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), together with four Gallic martyrs, Genesius (martyr of Arles, S00263), Symphorianus (martyr of Autun, S00322), Baudilius (martyr of Nîmes, S00383), and Victor (martyr of Marseille, S00382), and three Gallic bishops, Hilary (bishop of Poitiers, ob. 367, S00183), Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050), and Caesarius (bishop of Arles, ob. 542, S00491). Written in Latin at Arles, in 600/650.
E07796	Will of Hadoind, bishop of Le Mans, of 643, leaving property to the cathedral at Le Mans, dedicated to Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) and Gervasius and Protasius (brothers and martyrs of Milan, S00313), and to the churches at Le Mans of Victorius (bishop of Le Mans, ob. c. 490), of the apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and of *Vincent (deacon and martyr of Zaragoza, S00290); also to the church of Mary at Évron (in the territory of Le Mans) Written in Latin at Le Mans (north-west Gaul).
E07847	Venantius Fortunatus, in a poem (10.7) for the feast day of Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050), depicts Martin in heaven with Christ, the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), Eugenia (virgin and martyr of Rome, S00401), and *Radegund (former queen and monastic founder, ob. 587, S00182), who had died not long before the composition of the poem. Written in Latin in Gaul, 587/588.
E07858	Latin inscription marking the memoria (probably relics) of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), found in Tipasa (Mauretania Caesariensis, western North Africa). Probably 350/450.
E07892	The Itinerarium Malmesburiense, a guide to saints' graves around and within Rome, lists those outside the porta Appia on the via Appia, south of the city. Written in Latin in Rome, 642/683.
E07894	The Itinerarium Malmesburiense, a guide to saints' graves around and within Rome, lists those outside the porta Ostiensis (now called saint Paul's gate) on the via Ostiensis, south-west of the city. Written in Latin in Rome, 642/683.
E07974	The Paschal Chronicle records that the vanguard of the Avar army arrived at Constantinople during the siege of 626 on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Written in Greek at Constantinople, c. 630.
E08033	The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (AM 6064) mentions under the year 571/572 that the emperor Justin II built churches in Constantinople dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), and expanded the church of *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) at Blachernae. Chronicle compiled in the Byzantine Empire in the early 9th c., using extracts from earlier Greek texts.
E08115	The so-called Barbarus Scaligeri, a Latin translation of a lost Greek chronography dating from the 6th c., records the martyrdom of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and Paul (the Apostle, S00008).
E08142	Procopius of Caesarea, in his Wars, refers to gates in the walls of Rome named after Pancratius (martyr of Rome, S00307), Peter (the Apostle, S00036), and *Paul (the Apostle, S00008), during the Gothic sieges of 537-8 and 549. Written in Greek at Constantinople c. 551.
E08147	Procopius of Caesarea, in his Wars, describes the location of the basilica of Paul (the Apostle, S00008) outside the walls of Rome (San Paolo fuori le mura) and mentions that both it and the basilica of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) on the Vatican were respected by the Goths during their operations at Rome during the war of 536-552 Written in Greek at Constantinople c. 551.
E08222	The Gothic Missal compiles liturgical texts for the celebration of saints' feasts throughout the year. Written in Latin in Gaul, perhaps at Luxeuil for the Christian community of Autun, c. 680/710. Overview entry.
E08233	The Gothic Missal includes prayers for the celebration of mass on the feast day commemorating the conversion of *Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Written in Latin in Gaul, perhaps at Luxeuil for the Christian community of Autun, c. 680/710.
E08236	The Gothic Missal includes prayers to be performed on rogation (fasting) days at churches dedicated to various named saints. Written in Latin in Gaul, perhaps at Luxeuil for the Christian community of Autun, c. 680/710.
E08239	The Gothic Missal includes prayers for the celebration of mass on the shared feast day of Peter (the Apostle, S00036) and Paul (the Apostle, S00008). Written in Latin in Gaul, perhaps at Luxeuil for the Christian community of Autun, c. 680/710.
E08258	A geographical text known as the Cosmographia of Pseudo-Aethicus associates bridges and streets in Rome with Peter (the Apostle, S00036), Paul (the Apostle, S00008), and *Felix (martyr of Rome, buried on the via Portuensis, S02672). Written in Latin in Italy, in the 5th or early 6th century.
E08260	In letters from December 418 and January 419 (Collectio Avellana 14 and 16), the Prefect of the City of Rome reports to the emperor on the disputed papal election which followed the death of Pope Zosimus, mentioning that one of the claimants, Bonifatius/Boniface, was consecrated as bishop in a church of Marcellus (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00529), and that he and the other claimant, Eulalius, held rival services for Epiphany in the basilicas of Paul (the Apostle, S00008) on the via Ostiensis, and of *Peter (the Apostle, S00036) on the Vatican. Written in Latin at Rome.
E08288	Avitus of Vienne delivers a homily (Homily 28/29), for the dedication of a church of the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), somewhere in the region of Vienne (south-east Gaul), perhaps with relics of the chains of Peter. Delivered in Latin in the region of Vienne, 494/518.
E08298	Victor of Vita, in his History of the Vandal Persecution (Book 3.69), invokes the intercession of the Patriarchs, the Prophets and the Apostles, and specifically that of Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), on behalf of Africa under Vandal Arian persecution. Written in Latin, probably in Carthage (central North Africa), 484/489.
E08315	35 relic labels at Sens (northern Gaul), datable by their script to the 7th or 8th c., for relics of a great diversity of saints. Written in Latin, perhaps at Sens, or at an earlier stage in their transmission.
E08323	The Hibernensis canon law collection's 48th book, 'On Martyrs,' quotes a number of unidentified sayings and precedents concerning martyrs, the translation of their relics, and their powers after death, including some falsely attributed to patristic authorities. Compiled in Latin in Ireland and/or Iona (north-west Britain), c. 690/748.
E08325	Jerome responds to the treatise of the Gallic cleric Vigilantius, written and distributed in Gaul in the early 400s, which attacked some new religious practices, including the cult of relics. Jerome defends them all, justifies the cult of relics, and lists examples of their veneration. Against Vigilantius, written in Latin in Bethlehem (Palestine) in 406. Overview entry
E08330	Haregarius, Truda and Tenestina establish and endow a monastery dedicated to Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) and to the apostles Peter and *Paul (S00036 and S00008) at Le Mans (north-west Gaul); later the monastery is granted to Tenestina in precarial tenure; charters written in Latin in Le Mans, possibly in 513 and 524, or in 696/7 and 708.
E08335	The Bobbio Missal compiles liturgical texts for the celebration of saints' feasts throughout the year. Written in Latin in south-east Gaul, perhaps at or near Vienne, c. 675/725.
E08342	Jerome, responding to a no-longer extant treatise by Vigilantius criticising the cult of relics, written and distributed in Gaul in the early 400s, quotes the example of the bishops of Rome, who celebrate the eucharist over the graves of the Apostles Peter (00008) and Paul (00036), and refutes Vigilantius' mockery of the link between the souls and the bodies of the martyrs. Against Vigilantius, written in Latin in Bethlehem (Palestine) in 406.
E08343	The coffin of Cuthbert (bishop and anchorite of Lindisfarne, ob. 687, S01955) is constructed of oak and decorated with images of the archangels, apostles, evangelists and Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), whose names are inscribed in Latin (some with runic letters). Made for the saint's translation at Lindisfarne, 698.
E08347	Jerome answers Vigilantius of Calagurris' criticism of the cult of relics, using mostly scriptural arguments and attacking his opponent. Jerome, Letter 109, written in Latin in Bethlehem (Palestine) in 404.
E08349	Venantius Fortunatus writes the Life of *Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050). It is an adaptation in epic verse of the Life of Martin and of books 2 and 3 of the Dialogues of Sulpicius Severus; in a final envoi, the book travels from Poitiers to Fortunatus' home city of Ravenna, stopping at the shrines of many saints along the way. Written in Latin, in Poitiers (western Gaul), between 573 and 576. Overview entry.
E08364	Latin inscription recording the renovation and re-dedication of a church to the Apostles *Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008). Found at Aïn Ghorab, in the region of Theveste (Numidia, central North Africa). Later 5th/6th c.
E08409	A charter issued in the name of Abbess Irmina records her grant of the villa of Echternach (north-east Gaul) to Bishop Willibrord, together with the monastery she has founded there, with basilicas dedicated to the Trinity, Mary (mother of Christ, S00033), the Apostles Peter (S00036) and *Paul (S00008), and other unnamed saints; two later charters of Irmina record further donations to these churches. Written in Latin at Trier (north-east Gaul), 697/8-99.
E08427	A charter issued by Aquilinus, bishop of Narbonne (south-west Gaul) records his gift of properties to the monastery at Asán (north-east Hispania) dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050) and Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030). Written in Latin, perhaps at Narbonne, 22 February 576.
E08428	A charter/royal diploma issued by Reccared, king of the Visigoths, records his gift of fiscal properties to the monastery at Asán (north-east Hispania) dedicated to the Apostles Peter and Paul (S00036 and S00008), Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), Vincent (deacon and martyr of Zaragoza and Valencia, S00290), Eulalia (virgin and martyr of Mérida, S00407), and Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050). Written in Latin at Toledo (central Hispania), 13 December 586.
E08473	A homily, probably by Theodore Syncellus, celebrates the recent return of the robe of *Mary (Mother of Christ, S00033) to her church at Blachernae. The homily tells how the robe was acquired in the region of Nazareth and brought to Constantinople, where the emperor Leo I [r. 457-474] housed it appropriately at Blachernae; how, faced by an Avar threat [in 623], it was taken to safety inside the walls, to the church of Hagia Sophia, and then solemnly returned when the threat was lifted; and how, during this process, the reliquary was opened and the woollen robe found to be intact. Written in Greek in Constantinople, 623/624.

The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity

from its origins to circa AD 700, across the entire Christian world

Paul, the Apostle

S00008

BHG 1451-1465, BHL 6569-6583

64

68

Male

Twelve Apostles and Paul, Martyrs, Miracle-workers in lifetime, Converts